Codeswitching of bilingual preschoolers in Pakistan: A study of Arabic and Urdu alphabets

Urdu is the official language of Pakistan, while Arabic is the language of the Holy Quran, Muslims' sacred book. Pakistan, as a Muslim country with a religious bond, makes it obligatory for Muslims to recognize and interpret Allah's commandments, as well as to pray and recite the Holy Quran. The most effective skill is oral communication. It has become one of the fundamental language learning skills, alongside listening, reading, and writing. Pronunciation is the process of processing speech sounds to communicate. The current research study focuses on the codeswitching of bilingual preschoolers while learning the Arabic and Urdu alphabets. The study demonstrates why preschool children fail to recognize images of simple words in Arabic and Urdu at the same time and how this challenge can be tackled with the ingenuity of a committed teacher. The researcher used the Oral Proficiency Test (OPT) to assess the quality of the children's pronunciation, and he processed the data using Setiyadi’s (2020) Triangulation of method, which includes three data collection techniques: observation, interview, and questionnaire. The observation focused on how the teacher pronounced both alphabets and how the children responded by pronouncing the same at the top of their voices to make good use of articulators. Later, an interview and a questionnaire were conducted to collect data that could be used to ensure the validity of the observational results. Creswell & Baez’s (2020) Model of the Structure of Study was implemented. The research on bilingual preschoolers is significant in that it reveals that the children had difficulty in discerning resembling sounds from the Arabic and Urdu alphabets and that this difficulty caused them to deviate from one alphabet to the other. Speech therapists, pathologists, psychologists, bilingual scholars, and researchers will all benefit from the research

Maulana Tariq Jameel’s supplication for safety against COVID-19: A Pragmatic analysis

Supplication, the symbol of man's humility, is at the core of all religions, with Allah regarded as the Supreme Being who listens to people's prayers and rewards them accordingly, regardless of religion. The purpose of this qualitative research is to look into the unique service provided by Maulana Tariq Jameel to God for protection from COVID-19, which is currently wreaking havoc on people's lives. On April 21, 2020, the program was broadcast live on the ARY News Channel's Shab-e- Meeraj programme, hosted by Waseem Badami, and was available to watch online. Devout Muslims from all over the world gathered for a specially organised 'Dua' to demonstrate their heartfelt humility and unwavering faith in Allah, who they believe will alleviate their deathly affliction as a result of their prayers. The video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSRuAo14NEI provided the data. The data was assessed using Aristotle's three modes of persuasion. The researchers paid close attention to the supplication during the study and coded the most relevant phrases before translating them from Urdu to English and analysed them from a pragmatic standpoint. The discussion section included references to prayers from a variety of religious traditions from various countries to integrate the study's findings. The study's findings show that when individuals, societies, or nations of any faith face a major calamity, they are more likely to be prone to Allah for protection than to other sources of protectionKeywords: Du’a, Persuasion, Religion, Staunch Faith, The sovereignty of Alla

Salinity Stress Mitigation by Foliar Feeding of Salicylic Acid on Maize (Zea Mays L.) grown under Hydroponic Culture

Salicylic acid (SA) is mainly associated with the regulation of plant growth particularly in salinity stress conditions and this signaling molecule exists in pivotal parts of plant. The objective of this research analysis was to overcome stress condition by distinct foliar treatments of Salicylic acid, for instance, 0 and 100 mM. Foliar applications of SA on maize were rendered on 10 days later than transplanting under a hydroponics experiment. Plants were grown under non-saline (S0= 0 mM NaCl) and saline (S1= 100 mM NaCl) conditions. Evaluation of biochemical, physiological and morphological attributes of maize was rendered after harvesting of plants. The experimental layout of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) under a factorial arrangement with three replications of each treatment was assigned for this study. According to our results it was confirmed that cultivation of maize under saline condition reduced the morphological, physiological and biochemical attributes of plant. However, exogenous application of SA on maize had a positive impact on the above mentioned traits under presence and absence of saline environment. Finally, it was justified that exogenous application of variable concentration of SA significantly improves whole parameters of maize cultivar

Lightweight identity based online/offline signature scheme for wireless sensor networks

Data security is one of the issues during data exchange between two sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSN). While information flows across naturally exposed communication channels, cybercriminals may access sensitive information. Multiple traditional reliable encryption methods like RSA encryption-decryption and Diffie–Hellman key exchange face a crisis of computational resources due to limited storage, low computational ability, and insufficient power in lightweight WSNs. The complexity of these security mechanisms reduces the network lifespan, and an online/offline strategy is one way to overcome this problem. This study proposed an improved identity-based online/offline signature scheme using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) encryption. The lightweight calculations were conducted during the online phase, and in the offline phase, the encryption, point multiplication, and other heavy measures were pre-processed using powerful devices. The proposed scheme uniquely combined the Inverse Collusion Attack Algorithm (CAA) with lightweight ECC to generate secure identitybased signatures. The suggested scheme was analyzed for security and success probability under Random Oracle Model (ROM). The analysis concluded that the generated signatures were immune to even the worst Chosen Message Attack. The most important, resource-effective, and extensively used on-demand function was the verification of the signatures. The low-cost verification algorithm of the scheme saved a significant number of valued resources and increased the overall network’s lifespan. The results for encryption/decryption time, computation difficulty, and key generation time for various data sizes showed the proposed solution was ideal for lightweight devices as it accelerated data transmission speed and consumed the least resources. The hybrid method obtained an average of 66.77% less time consumption and up to 12% lower computational cost than previous schemes like the dynamic IDB-ECC two-factor authentication key exchange protocol, lightweight IBE scheme (IDB-Lite), and Korean certification-based signature standard using the ECC. The proposed scheme had a smaller key size and signature size of 160 bits. Overall, the energy consumption was also reduced to 0.53 mJ for 1312 bits of offline storage. The hybrid framework of identity-based signatures, online/offline phases, ECC, CAA, and low-cost algorithms enhances overall performance by having less complexity, time, and memory consumption. Thus, the proposed hybrid scheme is ideally suited for a lightweight WSN

Revascularization of Non-vital Permanent Teeth with Open Apices: A New Treatment Modality

Objective: To determine increase in root(s) length and thickness and closure of apical foramen in patients undergoing revascularization of immature, permanent, necrotic teeth Material and Methods: This study was conducted at outpatient department of Operative Dentistry, Pakistan institute of medical sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, from 22nd January 2011 to 22nd January 2013. All the patients were assessed with the detailed history and clinical examination. On the first visit, pulp chambers of the teeth were opened followed by minimal instrumentation. Disinfection of the root canal was done with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), saline, and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Then triple antibiotic paste (TAP) was placed in the canal till next visit. In the next visit, in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms, under local anesthesia without vasoconstrictor, bleeding was induced in the root canal. Blood clot was allowed to form beyond the level of cementoenamel junction (CEJ) which was then covered with non-setting formulation of calcium hydroxide{Ca(OH)2}and bacteria tight coronal seal with glass ionomer cement or composite was made. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18 till 24 months. Results: Efficacy of revascularization was measured on 24 months follow up of patients having immature, permanent and necrotic teeth. Out of 36 teeth, 34 (94.4%) showed increase in root length and whereas only 2 (5.6%) teeth showed no increase in root length. Similarly, 33 (91.7%) teeth showed increase in root thickness and 3 (8.3%) patients showed no increase in root thickness. Conclusion: On the basis of follow-up period of at least 24 months, the present study demonstrates favorable outcome of the revascularization procedure in terms of increase in root length and thickness in immature permanent necrotic maxillary anterior teeth. The cases remained successful even with the use of non-setting formulation of Ca(OH)2 in place of mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA)

Foliar Application of Vermitea on Wheat Against Salt Stress Under Hydroponic Condition

Salinity is one of the major issues that drastically reduce wheat production. In a hydroponic investigation, vermitea was employed to evaluate the impact of salinity on wheat. The vermitea is a by-product of the vermicomposting process that has both macro- and micronutrients. When these plants reached full maturity, they were harvested. The evaluation was based on their morphological characteristics, such as root/shoot dry weight, root/shoot ratio, plant height, root/shoot length, number of spikelets per spikelet, spike length, number of grains per spikelet, and biological yield per plant. The leaves relative water contents and other biochemical parameters including K+, Na+, chlorophyll content, were also assessed. In comparison to the other levels, the VT3 (8 %) level produced the best outcomes. The morphological, biochemical, and yield related indices of wheat were boosted and improved by the foliar application of vermitea. Vermitea was found to be an efficient bio-stimulant in enhancing wheat plants\u27 development in both non-saline and saline hydroponic environments

A Study of Abrar-ul- Haq's Punjabi Bhangra Songs in Pragmatics

The study of language and culture is known as linguistic anthropology. Etymological human sciences have become an interdisciplinary subject of study by utilizing the theoretical underpinnings of numerous disciplines. The current study investigated Punjabi songs using a qualitative analytical approach. The Relevance Theory of Pragmatics, proposed by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber (2004), explained how Abrar-ul-Haq appeared on the horizon to promote Punjabi culture through his energetic Punjabi Bhangra songs. For this study, only two songs were chosen: Billo Day Ghar and Beh Ja Sakal Tay. The study’s findings revealed that Abrar ul Haq used singing as a medium of language to transport cultural norms in general and Punjabi culture in particular. Because he was a famous and world-famous singer, his message spread worldwide, and he became known not only as the Bhangra singer but also as the anthropologist who invented and promoted Punjabi culture through his singing. It is concluded that Punjabi Culture is rich in norms and values. MPhil scholars will expand the scope of the study to include a full-length version of these to promote Punjabi culture. It is suggested that other linguists investigate Punjabi culture to revive and preserve it

Nexus Between Economic Development and Energy Poverty to Gain Energy Efficiency: Empirical Evidence From China

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Energy and exergy analysis of fuel cells: a review

In this paper, the fundamental overview of theoretical and practical aspects of thermodynamics analysis for mainly used fuel cells (FCs) are presented. The FC converts the chemical energy of fuel (normally hydrogen) directly into electrical energy resulting heat and liquid water as a waste products. In first part, governing equation of mass, energy, entropy and exergy are presented according to first law of thermodynamics (FLT) and second law of thermodynamics (SLT), more specifically energy and exergy analysis are covered for fuel cell system. Basic criteria of energy and exergy analysis of flowing and non-flowing system, energy and exergy efficiencies, analysis procedure and models of reference environment are discussed in detail. In the second part, electrochemical reactions and thermodynamics modeling of proton exchange membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) are presented