Effect of Three Types of Organic Manures on the Grain Yield of Wheat in Khashm Elgirba Soil Series, Sudan

This study was conducted during seasons 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 at a farm adjacent to New Halfa town to assess the effect of farm yard manure (FYM), filtermud (FM) and bagasse (B) on yield of wheat. Each manure was applied to soil surface at a rate of    0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 t ha-1 in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four  replications. Each manure was incorporated into the soil using hand tools. The results of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake (kg ha-l( revealed that wheat plants withdrew higher amounts of N from the soil treated with FYM as compared to those treated with either FM of B. The amounts of P withdrawn by the wheat plants from the soil treated by the three sources of organic manures at all levels of application were very low and ranged from 1.85 to 6.67 kg P ha-l. The present study also showed that increasing rates of application of each of the tested manures resulted in highly significant increases in grain yield. These organic manures can be ranked according to their effectiveness in increasing the yield of wheat as follows: FYM > FM>B. The economic evaluation of the study indicated that only the lowest level of application (15 t ha-l) of FYM and FM gave positive net benefits albeit lower than those reported for the control. However, net losses from the higher rates of application of each of F YM and FM and of all rates of the B were obtained. This was presumably due to high cost of both transportation and application of these bulky organic manures

Effect of Three Organic Manures on some Physical and Chemical Properties of Khashm Elgirba Soil Series

The effect of farmyard manure (FYM), filtermud (FM), and bagasse on some physical and chemical properties of Khashm Elgirda soil series was studied in 1999-2000. Each of the organic manures was applied at a rate of 0,15,30,45,60, and 75 t ha-1 in a RCBD with four replications. The organic manures were incorporated into the soil using hand tools. The study showed that increasing the rate of each of the applied manures resulted in a highly significant reduction in the soil bulk density and consequently a highly significant increase in both total soil porosity and soil moisture. Bagasse was the most effective in reducing the soil bulk density followed by FYM and lastly FM. The study also indicated that increasing rates of application of each of the tested manures resulted in small increments of both exchangeable potassium and organic carbon. However, the investigation did not show any noticeable increase in total soil nitrogen

Anemia During Pregnancy

Anemia during pregnancy is a considerable health problem, with around two-fifths of pregnant women worldwide being anemic. Many gynecological and infectious diseases are predisposing factors for anemia during pregnancy. Anemia during pregnancy—especially the severe form—can lead to various maternal and perinatal adverse effects such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and intrauterine fetal death. It is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality. Therefore, preventive measures are needed if anemia and its adverse effects are to be prevented. Iron and folic acid supplements are the cornerstone for the prevention of anemia during pregnancy and one of the earliest preventive measures adopted in antenatal care. Other measures to prevent anemia during pregnancy include the fortification of principle foods with iron, increasing health and nutritional awareness, combating parasitic infections, and improvement in sanitation. There is a controversy concerning the benefit of other elements such as zinc, copper, and magnesium, so the use of these elements is not widely adopted for the prevention of anemia

Epidemiology of cesarean delivery in Kassala, Eastern Sudan: a community-based study 2014- 2015

Background: Cesarean delivery is a main obstetrical operation and its rate should be optimized where the World Health Organization regards that a cesarean delivery rate of 5-15% is an optimal range, putting in consideration the necessity of the procedure as a lifesaving intervention for both the mother and fetus.Objectives: To investigate the epidemiology of cesarean delivery in Kassala, Eastern Sudan from December 2014 to March 2015.Materials and Methods: A stratified, multistage, household survey was carriedout. Questionnaires were applied to gather mode of delivery and its determinants.Results: Out of 303 women, 87 (28.7%), 100 (33%), 116 (38.3) were primiparous, secondiparous and multiparous, respectively, Mothers' age ranged from 13 to 48 with mean (SD) 27.79 (5.94) years. In logistic regression, elder women (OR=1.1, 95 CI= 1.01-1.34, p = 0.005), primparae (OR= 6.4, 95% CI = 1.3-31.8, p = 0.001) and women who had medical disease (OR= 2.9, 95% CI= 1.16-7.6, p= 0.023) were at higher risk to deliver by caesarean delivery.Conclusion: The rate of cesarean delivery in Kassala in the current study is17.8% and the elder women, primiapare and women with medical disorders were at a higher risk to deliver by caesarean delivery.Keywords: Cesarean, Kassala, pregnancy, Suda

Structural basis of mitochondrial receptor binding and constriction by DRP1.

Mitochondrial inheritance, genome maintenance and metabolic adaptation depend on organelle fission by dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) and its mitochondrial receptors. DRP1 receptors include the paralogues mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 and 51 kDa (MID49 and MID51) and mitochondrial fission factor (MFF); however, the mechanisms by which these proteins recruit and regulate DRP1 are unknown. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of full-length human DRP1 co-assembled with MID49 and an analysis of structure- and disease-based mutations. We report that GTP induces a marked elongation and rotation of the GTPase domain, bundle-signalling element and connecting hinge loops of DRP1. In this conformation, a network of multivalent interactions promotes the polymerization of a linear DRP1 filament with MID49 or MID51. After co-assembly, GTP hydrolysis and exchange lead to MID receptor dissociation, filament shortening and curling of DRP1 oligomers into constricted and closed rings. Together, these views of full-length, receptor- and nucleotide-bound conformations reveal how DRP1 performs mechanical work through nucleotide-driven allostery

Effects of Sequence Context on the Binding of Tryptophan-Containing Peptides by the Cucurbit[8]uril-Methyl Viologen Complex

This paper describes a novel assay for measuring the relative extent of peptide binding in a large parallel format and the use of this assay to explore the effects of sequence context on the binding of tryptophan (Trp)-containing peptides by the synthetic receptor comprising the noncovalent complex between cucurbit[8]uril and methyl viologen (i.e. Q8√MV). The extent of quenching of Trp fluorescence upon binding to Q8√MV was used to measure the relative extent of binding and thus the relative affinities of 104 Trp-containing peptides, in parallel, using a fluorescence plate reader. This study resulted in the remarkable observation that the identity of the amino acid residues at positions adjacent to the Trp-binding site has little if any influence on the binding affinity. This finding suggests that Q8√MV should be effective for the recognition of Trp residues within a broad range of peptide sequences

Suppressing Diffusion-Mediated Exciton Annihilation in 2D Semiconductors Using the Dielectric Environment

Atomically thin semiconductors such as monolayer MoS2 and WS2 exhibit nonlinear exciton-exciton annihilation at notably low excitation densities (below ~10 excitons/um2 in MoS2). Here, we show that the density threshold at which annihilation occurs can be tuned by changing the underlying substrate. When the supporting substrate is changed from SiO2 to Al2O3 or SrTiO3, the rate constant for second-order exciton-exciton annihilation, k_XX [cm2/s], is reduced by one or two orders of magnitude, respectively. Using transient photoluminescence microscopy, we measure the effective room-temperature exciton diffusion coefficient in chemical-treated MoS2 to be D = 0.06 +/- 0.01 cm2/s, corresponding to a diffusion length of LD = 350 nm for an exciton lifetime of {\tau} = 20 ns, which is independent of the substrate. These results, together with numerical simulations, suggest that the effective exciton-exciton annihilation radius monotonically decreases with increasing refractive index of the underlying substrate. Exciton-exciton annihilation limits the overall efficiency of 2D semiconductor devices operating at high exciton densities; the ability to tune these interactions via the dielectric environment is an important step toward more efficient optoelectronic technologies featuring atomically thin materials

Causes and Risk Factors of Hospitalization among Under-five Children in Kassala, Eastern Sudan

BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization estimation, African Region deaths of all under-five deaths in 2015 were over 5 times higher in comparison to the European Region. AIM: The study aimed to estimate the prevalence, investigate the possible causes and risk factors associated with under-five children’s hospitalization in Kassala, Eastern Sudan. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016. The data were collected by interviewing mothers. RESULTS: A total of 297 mother-child pairs participated in the study. The mean (SD) of maternal age and children’s age was 27.6 (5.9) years and 16 (11.3) months, respectively. One hundred and three children were hospitalized over the past 6 months. The most common mentioned causes for the last hospitalization were gastroenteritis 28.1% (29/103), respiratory tract infections 19.4% (20/103), malaria 9.7% (10/103), and trauma 3.8% (3/103). In multivariable analysis, a high birth order (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.25, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] (1.06, 1.47), low paternal education (AOR 2.89, 95% 1.32, 6.30), and bottle feeding (AOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.30, 3.80) were associated with under-five children’s hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: More than one-third of the children were hospitalized in Eastern Sudan. Urgent action is required to address children’s health issues (i.e., the above-mentioned causes and associated factors)

Causes and risk factors of hospitalization among under-five children in kassala, eastern sudan

© 2020 Ahmed A. Hassan, Zainab Taha, Mohammed A. Abdulla, AbdelAziem A. Ali, Ishag Adam. BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization estimation, African Region deaths of all under-five deaths in 2015 were over 5 times higher in comparison to the European Region. AIM: The study aimed to estimate the prevalence, investigate the possible causes and risk factors associated with under-five children’s hospitalization in Kassala, Eastern Sudan. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016. The data were collected by interviewing mothers. RESULTS: A total of 297 mother-child pairs participated in the study. The mean (SD) of maternal age and children’s age was 27.6 (5.9) years and 16 (11.3) months, respectively. One hundred and three children were hospitalized over the past 6 months. The most common mentioned causes for the last hospitalization were gastroenteritis 28.1% (29/103), respiratory tract infections 19.4% (20/103), malaria 9.7% (10/103), and trauma 3.8% (3/103). In multivariable analysis, a high birth order (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.25, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] (1.06, 1.47), low paternal education (AOR 2.89, 95% 1.32, 6.30), and bottle feeding (AOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.30, 3.80) were associated with under-five children’s hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: More than one-third of the children were hospitalized in Eastern Sudan. Urgent action is required to address children’s health issues (i.e., the above-mentioned causes and associated factors)