The Influence of Sowing Date on Growth, Yield and Qualityof Sugar Cane

This study was conducted within the commercial field of New Halfa Sugar Scheme, during the period October 1994 to September 1996 to determine the influence of sowing date on sugar cane growth, yield and quality. Climatic elements including temperature, percent relative humidity (%RH) and total rainfall were obtained from Halfa meteorological substation. Soil moisture and actual evaportranspiration (ET( during the growth period were measured. Penman evaporation (E (was calculated. Gernnination percentage, plant population,  plant height, stalk thickness, number of intenodes per stalk, fresh and dry mutter content, pithyness, flowering percentage, brix ( %), purity (%), pol  (%), recovery and fiber (%) were determined. The results showed that July and October planting dates were of signi- ficantly higher values for the different aspects of thermal time, crop factors, germination (%( tiller-ing, (%), plant height, dry matter production, final yield and sugar quality as compared to the late sowing date in March. Pithyness was associated with March planting and decreased with July planting Flowering occurred only in the crop planted in March. The water requirements of the crop differed from the existing indenting system where about 18.6 m3 /feddn(f)/day were required during initial stage, 24.3 m3/ f/day were required during the development stage, 41.28 /m3/f/day were required during the mid season stage and 25.8 m3/f/day were required during the late season stage whereas 31,6 m3/f/day were required as an average for the whole cycle of cane plant. Sugar cane crop required about 314, 1274, 3092 and 4204 accumulated degree days for initiation, development, mid season and maturity, respectively, for optimal productivity. The late planting date in March exposed the crop to harmful effects of heat stress resulting in poor germination and low yield

Improving Tenderness of Spent Layer Hens Meat Using Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya)

Two experiments were performed to study the use of papaya leaves as a meat tenderizer. The first experiment was to evaluate the effect of papaya dry leaves added to hen’s diet before slaughter. Spent hens (n=48) were used, half of them were fed a concentrate ration containing10% dried papaya leaves powder (DPLP) while others received layer ration (Control), for 10 days. The second experiment involved a comparison between papaya leaves juice (PLJ), fresh papaya leaves (FPL) and vinegar solution (VS) as marinades applied to meat for one or two hours before cooking. Spent layer hens (n=42) were used for tenderness evaluation method. After slaughtering and preparing the chickens two methods of cooking were used (oven and moist cooking). The cooked parts (breast, thigh and drumstick) were subjected to a panel test evaluation according to a designed questionnaire. Addition of dried papaya leaves powder to spent layer hens ration significantly (P≤0.05) increased the level of meat tenderness. Moist cooking had significantly (P≤0.05) improved meat tenderization compared to oven cooking. Meat treated with fresh papaya leaves had significantly (P≤0.05) improved tenderness. It was concluded that wrapping the tough meat of spent layer hens with fresh papaya leaves for one hour and moist cooking improve tenderness of meat

Design of a Multisensing Control System

         The  goal   of   this  paper  is  to design  a reconfigurable multisensing  control system. The implemented design tools are based on static random access memory field programmable grid array  (SRAM FPGA)  circuit  board  and  a  very  high speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL). The design steps  start with software development which consists of HDL  processes   where V HDL  program  that  describes  the architectural  behavior  of  the  multisensing  control system. An HDL synthesis is the second step, which converts the design in behavioral description file into gates. These steps are followed by implementation techniques and downloading the design from PC onto FPGA via a joint test action group (J TAG) cable. Different type   of   sensors; namely two ultrasonic, smoke detector, water level switch, thermostat, and light detector are connected to the inputs of the programmed FPGA and activated to test the design. The  results show that  the overall average delay timing between inputs to outputs is equal to 6.437 ns which is relatively small as compared with delay time at sensors and 1/0 modules. Therefore, it can be  clearly  stated  that the speed of  control  is limited by sensors  and 1/0  modules  rather  than  the processing performance of  the proposed design. This  is a  stark  contrast  to  traditional control  system  where  the  processing performance is typically the limiting factor. Thus  the use of  FPGA and V HDL to deploy multi sensing   control   system   efficiently  improves   its  reliability, flexibility, and  real  time  data  processing.  Finally,  it  can  be concluded  that the proposed multisensing control system can be effectively implemented in so many application areas including building security, home automation, robot activities, airports and industry control systems

Thermocouples Technology and Applications A review

This paper gives an intensive survey of thermocouples. In particular, it describes the principles of operation and compares between different types of junctions. It provides the major advances in thermocouples in conjunction with hardware and software for PC interfacing. Also it summarizes the main advantages and disadvantages of thermocouples. Finally the paper highlights the important areas of industrial applications. &nbsp

Correlations of complete blood count, liver enzyme and serum uric Acid in Sudanese pre-eclamptic cases

Background: Pre-eclampsia is a serious disorder of pregnancy with unknown ethological factors that may occur at any stage of second or third trimester of pregnancy. The objectives of the present study were to assess changes in complete blood counts including platelets, liver enzymes and serum uric acid in pre-eclamptic cases compared to second-half normal pregnant and non-pregnant Sudanese women and their correlations to other biomarkers.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, case-control study performed from December 2008 to December 2010; in Omdurman Maternity Hospital, in concomitance with other studies in pre-eclampsia. The sample size included three groups, 72 up pre-eclamptic cases in their recent pregnancies, 96 normal pregnant in their second half of pregnancy and 63 non- pregnant (control) women; a total of 231 subjects. Questionnaire Interviews and clinical examination were done for all participants. Laboratory investigations were done including complete blood picture, liver enzymes and uric acid.  Results: The mean Hb concentration of the pre-eclamptic (11.3g/dl±1.7) was statistically significantly lower than that of the non-pregnant (12.1g/dl±0.2) (P=0.01) but not from that of the normal pregnant (11.4g/dl±0.1) (P=0.882) .There was no statistical significant difference in the mean WBC count between the pre-eclamptic (7.4x103/mm3±0.3) and non-pregnant (7.3x103/mm3±0.3) (P=0.797) and between the pre-eclamptic and normal pregnant (7.7x103/mm3±0.2) (P=0.270). There was a considerable statistical significant decrease in the mean platelets count of the pre-eclamptic (236.4/mm3±8.3) compared to the non-pregnant group (322.0/mm3±10.4) (P=0.0001) s well as to the normal pregnant (275.0/mm3±8.9) (P = 0.003). In the pre-eclamptic cases, serum ALT correlated significantly with TWCC (r=0.26, P=0.03) and serum AST (r=0.65, P=0.000). In the pre-eclamptic cases, serum AST correlated significantly with Hb (r=0.26, P=0.03), serum ALT and serum uric acid (r=0.36, P=0.01).Conclusions: There was a considerable statistical significant decrease in mean platelets count of the pre-eclamptic compared to the non-pregnant group and to the normal pregnant may be explained by hemodilution; whereas further decrease was due to pre-eclampsia. ALT and AST are strong prognostic indicators of pre-eclampsia

Load Frequency Control for Hydropower Plants using PID Controller

Many development republics began to get rid of conventional energy and towards to use renewable energy like hydropower system, solar cells and wind turbines as soon as possible. Load Frequency Control (LFC) problem is coming to be the main topics for mentioning schemes due to not corresponding between main power system inputs such as change load demand and change in speed turbine settings. This paper illustrates a selftuning control of hydropower system that suggested and confirmed under Automatic Generation Control (AGC) in power scheme. The suggested power system involves one single area. The suggested self-tuning control system is employed in performing the automatic generation control for load frequency control request and compared it with conventional control structure. The power system dynamic modeling has regularly built in several essential parameters which have a significant influence According to frequency limitation. The main problem with all controllers is an exaggerated reaction to minor errors, producing the system to oscillate. The output response results for hydropower system obviously proved the benefit of using maximum load demand by tuning PID controller. Whereas, tuning PID controller has got properly more rapid output response and minimal overshoot

Improving Tenderness of Spent Layer Hens Meat Using Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya)

Two experiments were performed to study the use of papaya leaves as a meat tenderizer. The first experiment was to evaluate the effect of papaya dry leaves added to hen's diet before slaughter. Spent hens (n=48) were used, half of them were fed a concentrate ration containing10% dried papaya leaves powder (DPLP) while others received layer ration (Control), for 10 days. The second experiment involved a comparison between papaya leaves juice (PLJ), fresh papaya leaves (FPL) and vinegar solution (VS) as marinades applied to meat for one or two hours before cooking. Spent layer hens (n=42) were used for tenderness evaluation method. After slaughtering and preparing the chickens two methods of cooking were used (oven and moist cooking). The cooked parts (breast, thigh and drumstick) were subjected to a panel test evaluation according to a designed questionnaire. Addition of dried papaya leaves powder to spent layer hens ration significantly (P≤0.05) increased the level of meat tenderness. Moist cooking had significantly (P≤0.05) improved meat tenderization compared to oven cooking. Meat treated with fresh papaya leaves had significantly (P≤0.05) improved tenderness. It was concluded that wrapping the tough meat of spent layer hens with fresh papaya leaves for one hour and moist cooking improve tenderness of meat

Inverting Time-Dependent Harmonic Oscillator Potential by a Unitary Transformation and a New Class of Exactly Solvable Oscillators

A time-dependent unitary (canonical) transformation is found which maps the Hamiltonian for a harmonic oscillator with time-dependent real mass and real frequency to that of a generalized harmonic oscillator with time-dependent real mass and imaginary frequency. The latter may be reduced to an ordinary harmonic oscillator by means of another unitary (canonical) transformation. A simple analysis of the resulting system leads to the identification of a previously unknown class of exactly solvable time-dependent oscillators. Furthermore, it is shown how one can apply these results to establish a canonical equivalence between some real and imaginary frequency oscillators. In particular it is shown that a harmonic oscillator whose frequency is constant and whose mass grows linearly in time is canonically equivalent with an oscillator whose frequency changes from being real to imaginary and vice versa repeatedly.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure include

Assessment of Infertility Factors and Their Relative Impact in Pregnancy using Ultrasonography & Hormonal Checkup

Infertility as a social and psychological problem among middle east natives. Among them, Transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) and hormonal tests have been selected to evaluate infertility in this study. The objective was to assess the infertility factors and their relative impact in pregnancy and to deduce the equation to predict infertility. Methods: a retrospective data (morphometric pathologies of uterus and ovaries using TVU and laboratory hormones (FSH, LH)) have been collected from clinics for 180 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Sudan.  The data analyzed by SPSS. The results showed that there were 120 (66.7%) infertile and 60 (33.3%) fertile ladies based on the marriage date. The common ovarian causes of infertility were the polycystic ovary (PCOs) 23.3%, simple cyst 6.1%, hemorrhagic cyst, 4.4%, and uterus causes: 6.7% intramural fibroma, 6.1% retroverted uterus, 2.8% submural fibroma, 2.2 polyps. The general accuracy of Stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis (SLDA) was 78.9%, for infertile was 70.8% and for fertile 95%. Larger ovarian width indicates significance (p smaller than 0.05) infertility and FSH level low among infertile ladies, but LH is less dependent on discriminatio