Coloured dyes wastewater

Cosmetic manufacturing is classified into five sections that reduce selling demand namely fragrance, make-up, skincare and others. However, the technologies introduce sustainability building and creatures as conservation of our environment. There also some ways that can be practiced removing these contaminated materials to save the environment

Restaurant wastewater treatment technologies and potential of biofringe fibre

Restaurant industries are one of the pollution sources in the environment, due to the huge quantities of wastewater that was discharged into the public sewers and drains. However, the discharge of this untreated restaurant wastewater into the environment is considered one of the main issues. Nevertheless, other methods can be employed to safely discharge this contaminated wastewater into the environment

Groundwater analysis for unconfined and clayey layer by using response surface methodology

Groundwater as a source of water stored in aquifers plays an important role in domestic use. However, excessive and uncontrolled water pump activities have side effects such as soil deposition and groundwater reduction. Therefore, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an alternative method to optimize the time and quantity of groundwater pumps based on other wells water level changes. The analysis using Design Expert version 10 involves changing the water level at the main wells R1 and R5 with the monitoring of other wells at R2, R3, and R4 within 245 minutes with 48 samples. Based on 4 hours of pump test in different wells, it shows that groundwater production rates indirectly affect pump power factor, water level change, wells location, pump time, and infiltration of soil. R1 (1 hp) has a groundwater rate of 28.65 m3/day, while R5 (2 hp) with 103.63 m3/day. The selection of ANOVA Design-Expert model suitable for R1.R2, R3, R4 and R5 has been evaluated and shows that optimum time is 116.24 minutes (1 hour 55 minutes) for case 1 and 117.48 minutes (1-hour 57 minute) for case 2. In conclusion, this study provides best and suitable pumping time towards the water balance of groundwater. Hence, the reaction from environment and the influences of other factors play an important role in ensuring the continuous water supplement of groundwater

Oil palm leaf fibre and its suitability for paper-based products

Due to the shortage of wood as origin materials for paper-based production, agro-residue materials have been explored in the quest of finding the best alternative fibre. Oil palm leaf (OPL) is one of agro-residue that has potential due to its comparable characteristics with wood fibre. Studies on chemical compositions, fibre morphology, and mechanical property of OPL have been carried out aiming to evaluate its potential as a substitute raw material for pulp and paper-based production. The chemical compositions were analysed according to the TAPPI standard, Kurscher-Hoffner and chlorite methods accordingly. The mechanical property (tensile, tearing and bursting strengths) were determined as described in TAPPI test methods. Fibre dimensions were determined using Franklin method and analysed under the optical microscope. The content of cellulose in the OPL is determined to be 43.8%. Although, this result is lower than wood fibre (53%), OPL has higher hemicellulose content (36.4%) than the wood fibre (27.5%). In addition, the lignin content (19.7%) of OPL is in the low range of those in wood resources (18 - 25%). These parameters are important components to produce good quality pulp and will provide high mechanical strength of the paper-based products. The measured fibre length of oil palm leaf (1.13 mm) is shorter than the wood fibre (1.90 mm). Meanwhile, the mechanical property of OPL showed lower indexes than wood resources, however, tear (1.80 mN.m2/g) and burst (0.95 kPa.m2/g) indexes of OPL are higher than other published and successful wood resources (Eucalyptus). Based on the analyses, the oil palm leaf is indeed a suitable alternative of raw material for pulp and paper-based industries

Field performance of a constructed litter trap with oil and grease filter using low-cost materials

The current study was conducted to develop a litter trap by using crushed clay as an adsorbent media filter to reduce oil and grease (O&G) contents in residential wastewater and then to prevent the degradation of the environment and natural water bodies. Clay acts as a magnet, drawing the oil molecules out of the water and causing them to attach to the surfaces of the clay. The trap was built using Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and bamboo and installed at site-specific discharge points of storm water for removal of O&G. A total of twenty-four (24) wastewater samples were collected before and after the filtration The design achieved 94% of O&G removal. However, the removal efficiency deepened on the rainfall intensity, the increasing of rainfall effect negatively on the removal percentage of O&G. Nonetheless, the designed system exhibited a potential to remove O&G from the residential wastewater

Bioaugmentation process of secondary effluents for reduction of pathogens, heavy metals and antibiotics

The study probed into reducing faecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals and β-lactam antibiotics, from four types of secondary effluents by bioaugmentation process, which was conducted with Bacillus subtilis strain at 45 'C. As a result, faecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria were reduced due to the effect of thermal treatment process (45 'C), while the removal of heavy metals and β-lactam antibiotics was performed through the functions of bioaccumulation and biodegradation processes of B. subtilis. Faecal coliform met the guidelines outlined by WHO and U. S. EPA standards after 4 and 16 days, respectively. Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were reduced to below the detection limits without renewed growth in the final effluents determined by using a culture-based method. Furthermore, 13.5% and 56.1% of cephalexin had been removed, respectively, from secondary effluents containing 1 g of cephalexin L�1 (secondary effluent 3), as well as 1 g of cephalexin L�1 and 10 mg of Ni2 L�1 (secondary effluent 4) after 16 days. The treatment process, eventually, successfully removed 96.6% and 66.3% of Ni2 ions from the secondary effluents containing 10 mg of Ni2 L�1 (secondary effluent 2) and E4, respectively. The bioaugmentation process improved the quality of secondary effluents

Recycling of solid wastes at kindergartens centres running title; recycling of solid wastes

The present study aimed to conduct an activity on environmental awareness campaign at a kindergarten centre, with the children age 4-6 years old. The activity included identify the various types of waste generated at the kindergarten and to realize the conservation practice by participating in simple waste management strategies and an explanation about recycling, reusing and reducing waste (3R). The activity provided the children more awareness about the importance of minimising the plastic wastes. The activity had created an interesting experience to the young generation through practice activity and has given a light on the nature conservation along their growing years. It can be concluded that the awareness of environmental issues among children have raised up as noted by looking at students physical expression. Children have understand the potential to conserve nature from a simple action which is recycling. After the activity, children’s were able to identify and divide the rubbish

Efficiency of moringa oleifera seeds for treatment of laundry wastewater

Laundry wastewater has simple characteristics in which the detergents compounds are the main constitutes. But these compounds have adverse effects on the aquatic organisms in the natural water bodies which received these wastes without treatment. Few studies were conducted on these wastes because it represent a small part of the total wastewater generated from different human activities. Moreover, the coagulation process for laundry wastewater might be effective to remove of detergents compounds. Therefore, in the present study, the efficiency of coagulation process by using chemical (ferrous sulphate) and natural coagulants (Moringa oleifera seeds) were investigated. The raw laundry wastewater samples were collected from laundromat located at Taman Universiti, Parit Raja. The characteristics of these wastes were determined and then the wastewater was subjected for the treatment process consisted of three units including aeration, coagulation and sedimentation process. The chemical and natural coagulants were used with four dosage (30, 60, 90 and 120 mg L-1) and the coagulation process was carried out at room temperature (25±2ºC) for one hour. The results revealed that the laundry wastewater have high concentrations of turbidity (57.8-68.1 NTU) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (423-450 mg L-1) with pH value between 7.96 and 8.37. M. oleifera seeds exhibited high efficiency for removal of turbidity (83.63%) with 120 mg L-1 of dosage, while 30 mg L-1 of FeSO4 was the best for removal of COD (54.18%). However, both parameters still more than Standard B for wastewater disposal suggesting the need to increase the period of coagulation process with M. oleifera seeds or to subject of the treated effluents for a secondary coagulation process with natural coagulant products to improve the characteristics of laundry wastewater without a secondary products as that generated with the chemical coagulants

Using chitosan beads for removing heavy metals from car wash services

Water pollution is one of the major pollutions in the era of globalization. Human activities such as industrial activities and construction waste are among the major factors that lead to and cause the pollution of water resources. However, the characteristics of car wash wastewater and Chitosan were discussed by comparing with previous treatment of wastewater to remove the contaminated materials to save the environment

Assessment of relevant fungal species in clinical solid wastes

The study aimed to determine the fungal diversity in clinical waste samples from a healthcare facility in Penang Malaysia. Different fungi species were detected in 83.75 % of the 92 clinical waste samples that were screened from different sections of the healthcare facility. One hundred fifty fungal isolates comprising of 8 genera and 36 species were obtained. They were purified by using single spore isolation technique. Subsequently, the isolates were identified by phenotypic method based on morphological and culture characteristics on different culture media. Among all fungal isolates, Aspergillus spp. in section Nigri 10.2 %, Aspergillus niger 9.5 %, Aspergillus fumigatus 8.8 %, Penicillium. simplicissium 8 %, Aspergillus tubingensis 7.3 %, Aspergillus terreus var. terreus 6.6 %, Penicillium waksmanii 5.9 % and Curvularia lunata 6.5 % were the most frequent. Among five sections of the Wellness Centre, the clinical wastes collected from the diagnostic labs of haematology section had the highest numbers of fungal species (29 species). Glove wastes had the highest numbers of fungal species (19 species) among 17 types of clinical wastes screened. Among all fungal species, Aspergillus spp. exhibited higher growth at 37 °C than at 28 °C, indicating the potential of these opportunistic fungi to cause diseases in human. These results indicated the potential of hospital wastes as reservoirs for fungal species