Context, Remember-Know recognition judgments and ROC parameters

Recent work (e.g., Dunn, 2004; Heathcote, 2003) has questioned the necessity of postulating two processes to explain recognition memory. As part of this trend, strength theories of the remember\u10fc00know methodology have gained in support. We present three experiments with pictorial material in which we force participants to use differential contextual information at test. Participants were required to give remember-know judgements and confidence ratings for each test stimulus. Hits, false alarms, remember-know data, and discrimination indices indicated systematic variations as a function of the availability and use of contextual information. Moreover, when we normalised the receiver operating characteristic data in terms of z-scores, the slopes were lower than 1 and slightly concave. Additionally, we computed the same set of statistical indices suggested by Wixted and Stretch (2004), with mixed results. Overall, we think that the data support a two-factor theory of remember-know and recognition, although many results fit well signal detection views of the task. Finally, the idea that remember and know responses are pure manifestations of recollection and familiarity seems difficult to sustain. We think that a productive use of the remember-know methodology involves the minimisation of the bias factors that may contaminate the responses, in addition to the introduction of the experimental manipulations needed to promote recollective and/or familiarity processes

Familiarity Changes as a Function of Perceptual Shifts

This experiment compares the yes-­no and forced recognition tests as methods of measuring familiarity. Participants faced a phase of 3 study-­test recognition trials in which they studied words using all the letters of the alphabet (overlapping condition, O), and an additional phase in which targets and lures did not share any letters (non-­overlapping condition, NO). Finally, subjects performed a forced-­choice task in which they had to choose one of two new words, each from one of the subsets (Parkin et al., 2001). Results in the NO condition higher than .50, showing their sensitivity to familiarity. When the letter set of the words for study in the third list of the NO condition was switched, the difference between NO and O conditions disappeared in yes-­no test, while the force-­choice rate was not higher than .50. We conclude that both the yes-­no test and the forced-­choice test are valid and equivalent measures of familiarity under the right conditions. Este experimento compara tareas de reconocimiento convencionales (sí-no) y de elección forzosa como métodos de medición de la familiaridad. Los participantes realizaron tres tareas de estudio y reconocimiento convencional en las que estudiaron y reconocieron palabras compuestas por todas las letras del alfabeto (condición de solapamiento, O) y otras tantas tareas similares en las que las palabras a estudiar y reconocer, y las palabras de relleno no compartían ninguna letra (condición de no solapamiento, NO). Tras este último bloque de tareas los sujetos realizaban una tarea de elección forzosa en la que tenían que elegir entre dos palabras nuevas, cada una formada por un subconjunto de letras distintas (Parkin et al., 2001). Los resultados en la condición NO fueron mejores que en la condición O en las tareas de reconocimiento sí-no, mientras que la tasa de elecciones forzosas a favor de las palabras formadas por el subconjunto de letras estudiadas fue significativamente superior a 0.50, lo que muestra la sensibilidad de la tarea para medir familiaridad. Cuando en la tercera tarea de no solapamiento cambiamos sorpresivamente el conjunto de letras que formaban las palabras a estudiar y reconocer la diferencia entre las condiciones NO y O desapareció en la tarea de reconocimiento sí-no, mientras que la tasa de elección forzosa dejó de ser superior a 0.50. Se concluye que tanto las tareas de reconocimiento convencional como de elección forzosa dan medidas equivalentes de estimación de la familiaridad bajo las condiciones adecuadas

ROC parameters in item and context recognition

Conflicting theories argue that recognition is achieved either by familiarity exclusively, or by a mixtu- re of familiarity and recollection. We explore in three experiments the goodness of fit of both positions to experimental data in which context information is manipulated. In Experiments 1 and 2, we explore the availability of context information in recognition, testing the focus stimulus, its context, and their associative relation. In Experiment 3, participants were confronted with a plurality task in an attempt to force them to use the peripheral information in recognition. The results show that people acquire specific associative information, and although overall recognition performance was not affected by the use of context, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that people use a duality of processes in recognition

Degree of elaborative processing in two implicit and two explicit memory tasks

The level of elaborative processing made by subjects to pairs of words (read vs. generated) and the degree of relationship between the words of each pair (related, rhymed, or rhymed and related) were manipulated on two explicit tasks (cued recall and recognition) and two implicit tasks (word-stem completion and tachistoscopic word identification) to test the empirical validity of the processing-approach theory (see, e.g., Roediger, 1990a, 1990b; Roediger, Srinivas, & Weldon, 1989) of explicit/implicit dissociations. Results give support to the predictions made by Roediger"s theory

Remember, know, confidence and the mirror effect: Changes as a function of discriminability conditions

Recognition memory for Spanish-Catalan cognate and noncognate words was testedatretentionintervalsof20minutes,1hour,and24hours(Experiment1) using a remember/know response procedure, and requiring a confidence judgement on the yes/no response. Noncognate words were accompanied by more ``remem- ber'' responses than cognates, and overall A9 was significantly different from remember A9, except in the cognate condition at the longest retention interval. A strong mirror effect for the cognate±noncognate stimulus class was found for overall responding, and for high but not low confidence, indicating a differential use of recollection and familiarity in recognition. In general, the pattern of results was inconsistent with Donaldson's (1996) signal detection model, indicating that, when available, subjects use two different sources of information for discrimina- tion. The examination of individual hits and false alarms as a function of con- fidence indicated that ``remember'' is uniformly associated with high confidence, but ``know'' shows a bipolar pattern. In Experiment 2, new and old words were repeated at test 2 and 3. Repetition greatly affected the difference between the discrimination indices, indicating that an increase in the familiarity of new words prevented the use of a dual source of information in recognition. Results are discussed in terms of Rajaram's distinctiveness (1996, 1998) and Reder, Nhouy- vanisvong, Schunn, Ayers, Angstadt, and Hiraki's (2000) SAC theories

Effect of prime and target repetition on lexical decisión time

On a prime-target lexical decision task we manipulated the related-ness between prime and target (semantically related or unrelated), the number of repetitions

Additivity from múltiple primes in identifying backward written words

Activational theories of memory assume thac activation from several sources adds up to an intersecting node

Effect of retention interval on the simultaneous cognate-noncognate and remember-know mirror effects.

Recognition memory for Spanish-Catalan cognate and noncognate words was tested at retention intervals of 30 minutes, 3 days, and 7 days using a remember/know response procedure. We observed a clear mirror effect for the cognate-noncognate stimulus class and a remember-know response categorisation at the immediate retention interval. However, the cognate and noncognate mirror was still observed at 3 and 7 days, whereas the remember-know mirror disappeared at both retention intervals. Also, we ran a repeated testing condition to be able to carry out a sequential item analysis and observe the fate of the original remember and know responses 3 or 7 days later. The analysis supported the idea that there was a loss of contextual information that was at the root of the disappearance of the remember-know mirror effect. These results provide support to the idea that it is the imbalance between recollection and familiarity that is the most likely cause of the mirror effect

Familiaridad y recuerdo en el reconocimiento de rostros ficticios: Implicaciones para los modelos de reconocimiento

Familiarity and recollection in fictitious face recognition: Implications for recognition models. Using the «remember-know» paradigm, participants were engaged in a fictitious face recognition experiment in which three between-subject conditions were manipulated by either adding or not adding wrinkles on the faces between the study and the recognition tasks (no change, single change, double change). Our hypothesis was that this procedure would maximize judgments based on familiarity, thus deter- mining whether data provided better fit to the models based on the signal detection theory or to predictions of dual models. In global terms, our results support the signal detection model predictions, although we discuss whether these models better fit tasks based on familiarity or tasks based on recollection. Mediante el paradigma experimental de «recordar-saber» los sujetos llevaron a cabo una tarea de reconocimiento de rostros ficticios, en la que manipulamos en tres condiciones entre sujetos el tipo de cambio acaecido en los rostros entre las fases de estudio y reconocimiento (mediante la inclusión o no arrugas en los mismos: sin cambio, con cambio sencillo, o con doble cambio). Nuestro objetivo era analizar si con dicho procedimiento maximizábamos los juicios de familiaridad y si así los resultados se acomodaban mejor a las predicciones de los modelos duales de reconocimiento o a los modelos basados en la teoría de detección de señales. En general nuestros resultados tienden a apoyar este último punto de vista, aunque se discute la capacidad predictiva de dichos modelos en relación a las demandas implicadas en la tarea a realizar (mejor ajuste ante tareas más basadas en la familiaridad, peor ante tareas más orientadas hacia el recuerdo

Implicit relational effects in associative recognition

We study the contribution of implicit relatedness to associative recognition in two experiments. In the first experiment, we showed an implicit improvement in recognition when the stimulus elements of each word pair shared common letters and they were unpaired at test. Moreover, when asked to study the stimuli under divided attention, recollection was affected, but not the effect of perceptual familiarity. In a second experiment, we replicated the effect of divided attention, and we showed that it did not affect the familiarity measured by a choice test at the item level. Overall, both experiments indicated that familiarity acts by unitizing the association, and not simply by establishing some sort of implicit cued recall (recollection). Efectos relacionales implícitos en reconocimiento asociativo. En dos experimentos analizamos la contribución de relaciones implícitas entre palabras sobre el reconocimiento asociativo. En el experimento 1 mostramos una mejora implícita en el reconocimiento cuando las palabras de cada par de estudio compartían letras comunes y eran desemparejadas en el test. Además en la condición de estudio bajo atención dividida la recolección se veía afectada, pero no así el efecto de la familiaridad perceptual. En el experimento 2 replicamos estos resultados bajo atención dividida y mostramos que esta condición no afectaba tampoco a la familiaridad medida a nivel de item individual en una tarea de elección forzosa. Globalmente considerados nuestros resultados muestran que el efecto de familiaridad perceptual hallado es debido a una unificación perceptual de la asociación y no simplemente a un tipo de recuerdo guiado recolectivo