487 research outputs found
The 15-43 GHz parsec-scale circular polarization of 41 active galactic nuclei
We present the results of parsec-scale circular-polarization measurements based on Very Long Baseline Array data for a number of radio-bright, core-dominated active galactic nuclei obtained simultaneously at 15, 22 and 43 GHz. The degrees of circular polarization m(c) for the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) core region at 15 GHz are similar to the values reported earlier at this wavelength, with typical values of a few tenths of a per cent. We find that mc as often rises as falls with increasing frequency between 15 and 22 GHz, while the degree of circular polarization at 43 GHz is in all cases higher than at 22 and 15 GHz. This behaviour seems contrary to expectations, since the degree of circular polarization from both synchrotron radiation and the Faraday conversion of linear to circular polarization - the two main mechanisms considered thus far in the literature - should decrease towards higher frequencies if the source is homogeneous. The increase in mc at 43 GHz may be due to the presence of regions of both positive and negative circular polarization with different frequency dependences ( but decreasing with increasing frequency) on small scales within the core region; alternatively, it may be associated with the intrinsic inhomogeneity of a Blandford-Konigl like jet. In several objects, the detected circular polarization appears to be near, but not coincident with, the core, although further observations are needed to confirm this. We find several cases of changes in sign with frequency, most often between 22 and 43 GHz. We find tentative evidence for transverse structure in the circular polarization of 1055+018 and 1334-127, that is consistent with their being generated by either the synchrotron mechanism or the Faraday conversion in a helical magnetic field. Our results confirm the earlier finding that the sign of the circular polarization at a given observing frequency is generally consistent across epochs separated by several years or more, suggesting stability of the magnetic-field orientation in the innermost jets
Volume-preserving normal forms of Hopf-zero singularity
A practical method is described for computing the unique generator of the
algebra of first integrals associated with a large class of Hopf-zero
singularity. The set of all volume-preserving classical normal forms of this
singularity is introduced via a Lie algebra description. This is a maximal
vector space of classical normal forms with first integral; this is whence our
approach works. Systems with a non-zero condition on their quadratic parts are
considered. The algebra of all first integrals for any such system has a unique
(modulo scalar multiplication) generator. The infinite level volume-preserving
parametric normal forms of any non-degenerate perturbation within the Lie
algebra of any such system is computed, where it can have rich dynamics. The
associated unique generator of the algebra of first integrals are derived. The
symmetry group of the infinite level normal forms are also discussed. Some
necessary formulas are derived and applied to appropriately modified
R\"{o}ssler and generalized Kuramoto--Sivashinsky equations to demonstrate the
applicability of our theoretical results. An approach (introduced by Iooss and
Lombardi) is applied to find an optimal truncation for the first level normal
forms of these examples with exponentially small remainders. The numerically
suggested radius of convergence (for the first integral) associated with a
hypernormalization step is discussed for the truncated first level normal forms
of the examples. This is achieved by an efficient implementation of the results
using Maple
Impacto de la modificación de la respuesta inmunitaria por la lisofosfatidilcolina en la eficacia de la terapia antibiótica en un modelo experimental de sepsis peritoneal y de neumonÃa por Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Introduction: Immune response stimulation may be an adjuvant to antimicrobial treatment. Here, we
evaluated the impact of immune response modification by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), combined
with imipenem or ceftazidime, in murine models of peritoneal sepsis (PS) and pneumonia induced by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Methods: The imipenem and ceftazidime-susceptible strain (Pa39) and imipenem and ceftazidime-
resistant strain (Pa238) were used. Ceftazidime pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters
were determined. The therapeutic efficacy and TNF- and IL-10 levels were determined in murine mod-
els of PS and pneumonia induced by Pa39 and Pa238 and treated with LPC, imipenem or ceftazidime,
alone or in combination.
Results: In the PS model, LPC+ceftazidime reduced spleen and lung Pa238 concentrations (−3.45 and
−3.56 log10 CFU/g; P < 0.05) to a greater extent than ceftazidime monotherapy, while LPC + imipenem
maintained the imipenem efficacy (−1.66 and −1.45 log10 CFU/g; P > 0.05). In the pneumonia model,
LPC + ceftazidime or LPC + imipenem reduced the lung Pa238 concentrations (−2.37 log10 CFU/g, P = 0.1,
or −1.35 log10 CFU/g, P = 0.75). For Pa39, no statistically significant difference was observed in the PS
and pneumonia models between combined therapy and monotherapy. Moreover, LPC + imipenem and
LPC+ceftazidime significantly decreased and increased the TNF- and IL-10 levels, respectively, in com-
parison with the untreated controls and monotherapies.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate the impact of immune response modification by LPC plus
antibiotics on the prognosis of infections induced by ceftazidime-resistant P. aeruginosa.introducción: La estimulación de la respuesta inmunitaria podrÃa ser adyuvante al tratamiento antimi-
crobiano. En este estudio, hemos evaluado el impacto de la modificación de la respuesta inmunitaria
por la lisofosfatidilcolina (LPC), combinada con imipenem ó ceftazidima, en modelos murinos de sepsis
peritoneal (SP) y de neumonÃa por Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa).Métodos: La cepa sensible a imipenem y ceftazidima (Pa39) y la cepa resistente a ambos antibióticos
(Pa238) fueron usadas. Los parámetros farmacocinéticos/farmacodinámicos de ceftazidima fueron deter-
minados. La eficacia terapéutica y los niveles de TNF- and IL-10 fueron determinados en los modelos
murinos de SP y de neumonÃa por Pa39 y Pa238 y tratados con LPC, imipenem o ceftazidima, en monoter-
apia ó en combinación.
Resultados: En el modelo de SP, LPC + ceftazidima redujo la concentración de Pa238 en el bazo y el pulmón
(–3,45 y –3,56 log10 UFC/g; p < 0,05) en comparación con ceftazidima, mientras LPC + impenem mantuvo
la eficacia de imipenem (–1,66 y –1,45 log10 UFC/g; p > 0,05). En el modelo de neumonÃa, LPC + ceftazidima
o LPC + imipenem redujo la concentración de Pa238 en pulmón (–2,37 log10 UFC/g, p = 0,1 o –1,35 log10
UFC/g, p = 0,75). Para Pa39, no se observó diferencia estadÃstica significativa entre la terapia combinada
y la monoterapia en los modelos de SP y de neumonÃa. Además, LPC + imipenem y LPC + ceftazidime
redujeron y aumentaron los niveles de TNF- y IL-10, respectivamente, en comparación con los controles
no tratados y las monoterapias.
Conclusiones: Estos resultados demuestran el impacto de la modificación de la respuesta inmunitaria por
LPC en combinación con antibióticos en el pronóstico de las infecciones por P. aeruginosa ceftazidima-
resistente
Axiomatizations of two types of Shapley values for games on union closed systems
A situation in which a finite set of players can obtain certain payoffs by cooperation can be described by a cooperative game with transferable utility, or simply a TU-game. A (single-valued) solution for TU-games assigns a payoff distribution to every TU-game. A well-known solution is the Shapley value. In the literature various models of games with restricted cooperation can be found. So, instead of allowing all subsets of the player set N to form, it is assumed that the set of feasible coalitions is a subset of the power set of N. In this paper, we consider such sets of feasible coalitions that are closed under union, i.e. for any two feasible coalitions also their union is feasible. We consider and axiomatize two solutions or rules for these games that generalize the Shapley value: one is obtained as the conjunctive permission value using a corresponding superior graph, the other is defined as the Shapley value of a modified game similar as the Myerson value for games with limited communication. © 2010 The Author(s)
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