Does religiosity matter for corporate labor investment decisions?

We examine the effect of county-level religiosity on labor investment decisions. Drawing on the social norm theory, we hypothesize that firms located in religious counties are less likely to engage in inefficient labor investment decisions. Consistent with this prediction, we find that county-level religiosity reduces inefficient labor investment. Using the exogenous shock of the 2002 revelation of the Catholic Church\u27s sexual abuse scandal, we show a causal relationship between religiosity and inefficient labor investment. We also find that religiosity\u27s impact on inefficient labor investment diminishes for firms that adopt greater corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. Our findings suggest that religious beliefs matter in managerial labor investment decisions

Who is utilizing anti-retroviral therapy in Ghana: An analysis of ART service utilization

Abstract Introduction The global scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV patients has led to concerns regarding inequities in utilization of ART services in resource-limited contexts. In this paper, we describe regional and sex differentials in the distribution of ART among adult HIV patients in Ghana. We highlight the need for interventions to address the gender-based and geographic inequities related to the utilization of ART services in Ghana. Methods We reviewed National AIDS/STIs Control Program’s ART service provision records from January 2003 through December 2010, extracting data on adults aged 15+ who initiated ART in Ghana over a period of eight years. Data on the number of patients on treatment, year of enrollment, sex, and region were obtained and compared. Results The number of HIV patients receiving ART in Ghana increased more than 200-fold from 197 in 2003, to over 45,000 in 2010. However, for each of six continuous years (2005-2010) males comprised approximately one-third of adults newly enrolled on ART. As ART coverage has expanded in Ghana, the proportion of males receiving ART declined from 41.7% in 2004 to 30.1% in 2008 and to 27.6% in 2010. Also, there is disproportionate regional ART utilization across the country. Some regions report ART enrollment lower than their percent share of number of HIV infected persons in the country. Conclusions Attention to the comparatively fewer males initiating ART, as well as disproportionate regional ART utilization is urgently needed. All forms of gender-based inequities in relation to HIV care must be addressed in order for Ghana to realize successful outcomes at the population level. Policy makers in Ghana and elsewhere need to understand how gender-based health inequities in relation to HIV care affect both men and women and begin to design appropriate interventions.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112797/1/12939_2011_Article_285.pd

Steroid-induced dysglycaemia in patients with haematological disorders a ten-year review in a tertiary hospital in Ghana

Background: Glucocorticoids (steroids) play a key role in the management of multiple medical conditions including haematological disorders. This study looked at the prevalence of steroid induced dysglycaemia in patients with haematological disorders receiving steroids as part of their treatment with the view of modifying its use and selection of patients where necessary.Methods: A retrospective review of haematology patients on treatment regimens including steroids. Information extracted included, demographic characteristics, clinical information such as age, gender, haematological disorder, type of steroid, daily and cumulative dose of steroid, duration of therapy, family history of diabetes and alcohol use.Results: The case records of 351 haematology patients were reviewed. However, eight patients with dysglycaemia before therapy were excluded. The median age of patients was 51.0 ± 26.0(IQR: Interquartile Range) years, with an age range of 13 to 87 years, and a female: male ratio of 1.2: 1 (p= 0.778). The prevalence of Steroid-Induced Dysglycaemia(SID) was 3.79% with a mean diagnosis interval of 8.8 + 2.1 months. Overall, 245 (71.4%) patients were on continuous steroids. Among the 13 patients who developed SID, 11 (84.6%) were on continuous steroids. In the majority of the patients (97.1%) there was no family history of diabetes in a first degree relative. Significant differences were found between patients with normoglycaemia and those with dysglycaemia with respect to age (p=0.049) and duration of steroid therapy (p=0.024).Conclusion: The prevalence of steroid-induced dysglycaemia is relatively low among Ghanaian patients with haematological disorders on steroid based chemotherapy.Keywords: steroids, haematological disorders, dysglycaemia, Ghana, risk factors.Funding: None declare

Clinical presentations and outcomes of ectopic pregnancy at a tertiary referral hospital in Ghana

Background: Ectopic gestation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women of reproductive age. The clinical presentations vary depending on whether it is ruptured or not. Understanding the various modes of presentation is therefore critical to early detection and management to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. We determined the patterns of presentation and outcomes of ectopic pregnancy in the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) of Ghana.Objective: This study aimed to determine patterns of presentation of ectopic pregnancy in the KBTH of Ghana and the outcomes for patients presenting with the condition.Methods: We collected data from pregnant women presenting to the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of the KBTH during the study period and diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy. A case of ectopic pregnancy was any woman diagnosed by an obstetrician/gynaecologist either by clinical features or pelvic ultrasound. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, as well as clinical history, examination findings, treatment, and outcomes. Data were analyzed descriptively to determine the patterns of presentation of ectopic gestations.Results: A total of 104 ectopic pregnancies representing 8.81% (n = 104/1,180) of gynaecological emergencies were recorded during the study period. Of the 104 ectopic pregnancies recorded, 6.7% (n = 7) were diagnosed as unruptured. The mean (± standard deviation) gestational age at diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was 7.2 ±1.9 weeks. About 94.2% (n = 98) of patients with ectopic pregnancy had visited a health facility before the visit at which the diagnosis was eventually made, and 76.9% (n = 80) of the ectopic cases had ruptured at diagnosis. For 1.9% (n = 2) of the participants, ectopic pregnancy was detected by ultrasound. The triad of amenorrhoea in 91.3% (n = 95), lower abdominal pains in 91.3% (n = 95) and irregular vaginal bleeding in 47.1% (n = 49) of the ectopic pregnancies were the main presenting symptoms of ruptured ectopic pregnancy.Conclusion: The incidence of ruptured ectopic pregnancy in the KBTH was high. Primary health care practitioners should rule out ectopic pregnancy in women of the reproductive age group who present with the triad of amenorrhoea, lower abdominal pain and irregular vaginal bleeding

Foreword

Little information exists about the loss of all one’s teeth (edentulism) among older adults in low- and middle-income countries. This study examines the prevalence of edentulism and associated factors among older adults in a cross-sectional study across six such countries. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO’s) Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1 was used for this study with adults aged 50-plus from China (N = 13,367), Ghana (N = 4724), India (N = 7150), Mexico (N = 2315), Russian Federation (N = 3938) and South Africa (N = 3840). Multivariate regression was used to assess predictors of edentulism. The overall prevalence of edentulism was 11.7% in the six countries, with India, Mexico, and Russia has higher prevalence rates (16.3%–21.7%) than China, Ghana, and South Africa (3.0%–9.0%). In multivariate logistic analysis sociodemographic factors (older age, lower education), chronic conditions (arthritis, asthma), health risk behaviour (former daily tobacco use, inadequate fruits and vegetable consumption) and other health related variables (functional disability and low social cohesion) were associated with edentulism. The national estimates and identified factors associated with edentulism among older adults across the six countries helps to identify areas for further exploration and targets for intervention

Clinical features of COVID-19 in Ghana: symptomatology, illness severity and comorbid non-communicable diseases

Objective: This analysis described the clinical features of COVID-19 in the early phase of the pandemic in Ghana.Methods: Data were extracted from two national COVID-19 treatment centers in Ghana for over 11 weeks(from March to May 2020). Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Modified Ordered Logistic and Negative Binomial Regression analysis were applied to establish factors associated with illness severity and Non-communicable Disease (NCDs) counts respectively. All analysis was conducted at the 95% confidence level (p-value ≤ 0.05) using Stata 16.Results: Among the 275 patients, the average age was 40.7±16.4, with a preponderance of males (54.5%). The three commonest symptoms presented were cough (21.3%), headache (15.7%), and sore throat (11.7%). Only 7.6% of the patients had a history of fever. Most patients were asymptomatic (51.65). Approximately 38.9% have an underlying co-morbid NCDs, with Hypertension (32.1%), Diabetes (9.9%), and Asthma (5.2%) being the three commonest. The odds of Moderate/severe (MoS) was significantly higher for those with unknown exposures to similar illness [aOR(95%CI) = 4.27(1.12-10.2)] compared with non-exposure to similar illness. An increased unit of NCD’s count significantly increased the odds of COVID-19 MoS illness by 26%[cOR(95%CI) =1.26(1.09-1.84)] and 67% (adjusting for age) [aOR(95%CI)=1.67(1.13-2.49)].Conclusion: The presence of cardiovascular co-morbidities dictated the frequency of reported symptoms and severity of COVID-19 infection in this sample of Ghanaians. Physicians should be aware of the presence of co-morbid NCDs and prepare to manage effectively among COVID-19 patients

Patients’ knowledge and perception of anaesthesia and the anaesthetist at a tertiary health care facility in Ghana

Background: Anaesthesia has always been misconstrued as a ‘behind the scenes’ specialty. Despite advancements in anaesthesia, there is inadequate public knowledge regarding the specialty, the scope of the functions of anaesthetists, and the pivotal role anaesthetists play in the healthcare delivery system. This study therefore assessed the knowledge and perception of anaesthesia and the role of anaesthetists among patients in a tertiary healthcare facility.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 3 months in 2015 among 279 patients accessing services at the preanaesthetic clinic of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, their knowledge and perceptions about anaesthesia, and the role of anaesthetists.Results: The majority of patients (62.4%) had heard about anaesthesia. Most (85%) knew that specially trained doctors or nurses were responsible for the delivery of anaesthesia. Nearly half the patients indicated anaesthesia was all about ‘putting people to sleep and waking them up’. Less than 15% of patients had knowledge of the role of anaesthetists outside the confines of the operating theatre suites.Conclusion: A considerable number of patients had heard about anaesthesia and knew the people responsible for the delivery of anaesthesia. The perception of most patients is that anaesthesia is all about ‘putting patients to sleep and waking them up’. There was poor knowledge of patients regarding the role of anaesthetists beyond the confines of the operating theatre.Keywords: anaesthesia, anaesthetist, knowledge, misconceptions, patients, perception