The role of the eucharist in the making of an ecclesiology according to haimo of auxerre’s commentary on I cor

Carolingian biblical exegesis presents itself as a synthesis of exegetical and theological patristic tradition in order to make it affordable to the Christians of that time. The result of that process are interpretations of biblical texts that can be considered new, though based on the texts of the Fathers. Among them it is possible to find images of the Church containing ideas about power or how to govern and to order society. This paper studies Haimo of Auxerre’s commentary on I Cor 12, 12 et seq in order to establish the author’s concept of ’body of Christ’, in the context of the Eucharistic controversy of the ninth century. It also studies the ideological consequences of his exegesis.Fil: Hernandez Rodriguez, Alfonso Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; Argentina. Universidad de la Defensa Nacional; Argentin

N-expansive homeomorphisms on surfaces

We exploit the techniques developed in [Le] to study N-expansive homeomorphisms on surfaces. We prove that when f is a 2-expansive homeomorphism defined on a compact boundaryless surface M without wandering points then f is expansive. This condition on the wandering set cannot be relaxed: we present an example of a 2-expansive homeomorphisms on the bitorus with wandering points that is not expansive

Advertising and brand trust: perspectives from the UK and Italy

The creation of a trusting brand identity through advertising has received relatively little attention in European marketing research. We explore this relationship by undertaking focus group research in the UK and Italy to identify the characteristics of print advertisements perceived as portraying a trusting image. The results show that advertisements that are simple, straightforward and clear are perceived as being more trusting. However, findings also show some differences between our national samples in relation to factors such as colour perception and consumer ethnocentrism. Young consumers are also quite critical of current advertising efforts in building a trusting brand image.

Unbundling the Degree Effect in a Job Training Program for Disadvantaged Youth

Government-sponsored education and training programs have the goal to enhance participants' skills so as to become more employable, productive and dependable citizens and thus alleviate poverty and decrease public dependence. While most of the literature evaluating training programs concentrates on estimating their total average treatment effect, these programs offer a variety of services to participants. Estimating the effect of these components is of importance for the design and the evaluation of labor market programs. In this paper, we employ a recent nonparametric approach to estimate bounds on the "mechanism average treatment effect" to evaluate the causal effect of attaining a high school diploma, General Education Development or vocational certificate within a training program for disadvantaged youth 16-24 (Job Corps) relative to other services pffered, on two labor outcomes: employment probability and weekly earnings. We provide these estimates for different demographic groups by race, ethnicity, gender, and two age-risk groups (youth and young adults). Our analysis depicts a positive impact of a degree attainment within the training program on employment probability and weekly earnings for the majority of its participants which in general accounts for 55 - 63 percent of the effect of the program. The heterogeneity of the key demographic subgroups is documented in the relative importance of a degree attainment and of the other services provided in Job Corps.Causal Inference, Treatment Effects, Mechanism Average Effects, Nonparametric Bounds, Potential Outcomes, Principal Stratification, Training Programs, Job Corps, Active Labor Market Policies, Labor and Human Capital, Public Economics, C14, I20, J01,

Le iscrizioni anagrafiche per gli stranieri richiedenti protezione internazionale dopo il d.l.n.113 del 2018, il cd. Decreto Salvini. Quando il legislatore demagogicamente orientato disorienta l’amministrazione pubblica.

Le disposizioni introdotte dal c.d. decreto Salvini in materia di iscrizioni anagrafiche degli stranieri richiedenti protezione internazionale, hanno l’intento di introdurre un divieto a procedere a iscrizioni, mutazioni e cancellazioni anagrafiche su dichiarazioni rese da persone straniere munite di permesso di soggiorno per richiedente asilo. Tuttavia, la loro lettura nel quadro sistematico di riferimento, rispettosa dell’orientamento costituzionale e della normativa eurounitaria, non consegna un risultato scontato, anzi, esclude che vi sia un espresso divieto alla registrazione anagrafica dello straniero richiedente asilo

DALLA TUTELA DELL’INTERESSE DELLA COMUNITÀ LOCALE ALLA TUTELA DEI DIRITTI. IL SINDACATO DEL GIUDICE AMMINISTRATIVO SUGLI ATTI DI PREVENZIONE DEL GIOCO D’AZZARDO

Il ruolo dei Comuni nella prevenzione e nel contrasto al gioco d'azzardo patologico. Dal sindacato disomogeneo e ad intensità variabile della giurisdizione amministrativa alla complessità del flusso delle relazioni tra istituzioni e comunità nel modello multilivello su base territoriale. La prevenzione del gioco d’azzardo patologico si sostanzia in provvedimenti che comprimono un diritto a vantaggio di un interesse pubblico che tutela posizioni individuali determinabili. In a legal context which does not prosecute gambling because of the benefits that these activities bring to government revenues, many municipalities in their areas of competence have adopted gambling prevention regimes to ensure and preserve the personality, dignity, health of the individual citizen and, at the same time, the harmony and welfare of their community. Against these acts, the sector operators have brought to court a judicial dispute from which has involved the decision of the Italian Constitutional Court. The judicial interpretation given in this case-law has set the boundaries within which municipal measures are legitimate to limit the freedom of economic initiative in the gaming and betting sector. It was thus highlighted the close link between the measures adopted at the municipal level to combat and prevent ludopathy and the protection of those people who are particularly exposed to gambling addiction and related disorders. By virtue of this link, which gives a strong social merit to municipal measures, the administrative court seems to be better prepared in its union with the public administration because the exercise of public power ensures the protection of a weak person, namely the person exposed to the risk of becoming a pathological gambler

Impact of biopolymer matrices on relaxometric properties of MRI contrast agents and their application to Nanotechnology

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) represents the first-line diagnostic imaging modality for numerous indications. It is a clinically well-established, non-invasive technique providing three dimensional whole body anatomical and functional imaging. It takes advantage of the magnetic properties of water protons present in the body and their tissue-dependent behaviour. High magnetic fields (1.5 T and above) are clinically favoured because of their higher signal-to-noise ratio, capability for MR spectroscopy, and other forms of functional MRI, high speed imaging, and high resolution imaging. Signal intensity in MRI is related to the relaxation rate of in vivo water protons and can be enhanced by the administration of a contrast agent (CA) prior to scanning. These CAs utilize paramagnetic metal ions and enhance the contrast in an MR image by positively influencing the relaxation rates of water protons in the immediate surroundings of the tissue in which they localize. Among different CAs, Gadolinium contrast medium is used in up to 30% of MRI scans and the most clinically-used MRI. However, Gadolinium (Gd), like most of the clinically-used CAs, is characterized by a relaxivity well below its theoretical limit, lacks in tissue specificity and, in addition, it causes heavy allergic effects and serious nephrotoxicity. In this framework, Port et al. have reported that the rigidification of MRI CAs, obtained through covalent or non-covalent binding to macromolecules, could be favourable to an increase in relaxivity of the metal-chelate. Later, Decuzzi et al. have proved that it is possible to modify through the geometrical confinement the magnetic properties of MRI CAs by controlling their characteristic correlation times without the chemical modification of the chelate structure. Furthermore, Courant et al. have highlighted the capability of combined hydrogels to boost the relaxivity of Gd-based CAs. Despite several experimental studies addressed in this field, a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the relaxation enhancement due to the entrapment of CAs in polymer-based architectures is still missing. In particular, the role played by the water at the interface between polymer chains and MRI CAs has not been fully investigated and could lead to the availability of tailored models that accurately describe these novel complex systems. In this work, we aim to demonstrate that a more in-depth knowledge about the interference between macromolecules and MRI CAs and an understanding of their physicochemical properties can significantly to impact in the design strategies of the nanostructures and, consequently, to overcome the limitations of clinically used MRI CAs, particularly linked to the low relaxivity. In this perspective, it is of primary importance to study the main phenomena involved in the formation of polymer matrices and how their properties can influence the relaxivity of MRI CAs. For this reason, we proposed a general strategy based on formation of nanostructures for boosting the efficacy of commercial Gd-based CAs by using FDA approved biopolymers, providing also tissue specificity and reduced nephrotoxicity. Indeed, we want to take advantage not only by the use of nanotechnologies for enhanced MRI but only by their capability to reach a specific target and to accumulate only in the site of interest. The implemented strategy has consisted in the control of the relaxometric properties by tuning the water dynamics, the physicochemical interactions and, therefore, the polymer conformation. Effectively, we primary investigated, in bulk, the impact of hydrogel solutions on the relaxometric properties of commercial CAs, highlighting the key role of hydrogel structural parameters (mesh size and crosslink density) in the relaxation enhancement. In this part, chemical and thermodynamic interactions involved in the complexation between biopolymers and CAs have been investigated through Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. Furthermore, characterizations of water dynamics and mobility and measurement of the relaxometric properties in hydrogel solutions containing CAs have been carried out by NMR and Time-Domain relaxometer. The main outputs were summarized in a concept called Hydrodenticity and defined as the equilibrium between the water osmotic pressure, the elastodynamic forces of the polymer chains and the hydration degree of the CA which is able to increase the relaxivity of the CA itself. Indeed, hydrogel nanostructures made of hydrophilic polymer chains held together by chemical or physical crosslinking, have the ability to swell in water, forming elastic gels that retain a large quantity of fluid in their mesh-like structures. The presence of hydrophilic polymer interfaces and the control of water behaviour in hydrogels play a fundamental role in the relaxation enhancement of the Gadolinium-based CAs by influencing the characteristic correlation times defined by the theory of Solomon and Bloembergen. Then, starting from the acquired knowledge, we moved to observe the role of Hydrodenticity in the design of biopolymer nanostructures for enhanced MRI. For the nanostructures’ synthesis, we used two different processing techniques: (1) High Pressure Homogenization; (2) Microfluidic Flow Focusing. These techniques were selected because of their ability to control process parameters enabling the tuning of the interaction between the biopolymers and the CA. Indeed, by easily adjusting concentrations, pressure of the Homogenizer and/or flow rates of the Microfluidic platform, we can modulate the crosslinking degree of the nanostructures and tune their hydrophilicity, size, shape and surface charge, impacting on the relaxometric properties. These approaches allow us to load MRI CAs into functional nanostructures and obtain nanocarries with tunable relaxometric properties. The powerful aspect and the novelty of our approach lies in the definition of Hydrodenticity and in its application to several architectures, biopolymers, lipids and mixture of them., preserving the main properties of nanoparticles for drug delivery. As future perspective, the nanostructures can also be engineered to carry more than one agent, accumulate in specific tissues or to act as probes for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy (theranostic or multimodal imaging agents), thereby facilitating targeted treatments and precision medicine