Multivariate calibration of antioxidant activity of M. charantia fruits and its fourier transform infrared spectroscopy based fingerprinting

Momordica charantia is widely consumed edible fruit. The food and pharmaceutical industries use it as a natural antioxidant. However, the quality control of M. charantia-based medicinal products is questionable due to the complexity of metabolites in this fruit. Hence, this study has developed a statistical model in predicting the antioxidant value through the 2, 2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power based on infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. This technique was reliably used for quality control. Six ethanol extracts (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% in water) of this plant’s fruit were prepared. The radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power activities were measured and the chemical profiling of the extracts was fingerprinted by infrared spectroscopy between 4,000 and 600 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1. Statistical analysis was developed by correlating the bioactivity and infrared spectra of each extract using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis. The C–N, C=O, C–O, C–H, and OH infrared signals were positively correlated with biological activity. The antioxidant activity of the fruit of M. charantia may be due to the presence of several antioxidants that work synergistically

Metabolomics in functional food research and innovation

Malnutrition and food insecurity affect a very large percentage of world population, and worsen during covid-19 pandemic era. When studying the problems of ensuring food security, both country's general features and particularities of various natural and production conditions of its individual regions have to be taken into account. Diversification of local food production can streamline supply chains, and ultimately increase food security. Application of innovations and novel scientific findings in functional food is one of the important paths towards high value added economy, and therefore towards increase of competitiveness of novel food products, industries, and, ultimately, through food security towards economic security of the whole country. Indonesia is bursting with a significant diversity of food resources, but they are naturally not exploited or neglected. Herbal pharmaceutical worldwide reaches USD 60 billion in 2020, with annual growth 5-15%. Indonesia is rich with herbal and spices, including jamu, and have been known traditionally having health benefit. However, the lack of scientific proof hampers its potential. Less than 5% of herbs and spices have been studied. Others problem are standardization and quality control during plantation, harvesting, processing, preserving and others possibilities for marketing. One of bottle neck is difficulty in detection, identification, and quantitation of bioactive compounds since the raw materials consist of complex components (working synergist and/or antagonist). One of promising approach is metabolomics which is discussed in this presentation

Metabolomics: a new tool in herbal standardization and bioactivity assessment

Medicinal herbs have reached extensive acceptability as therapeutic agents for several diseases. However, the use of medicinal herbs is limited due to the issue on quality and safety assurance, as well as lack of scientific proof. Standardization is an important aspect for maintaining and assessing the quality and safety of medicinal herb. It includes raw plant authentication, microscopic and molecular examination, and identification of chemical composition. The challenge of natural chemists is to identify as much as possible the bioactive compounds and to study their mode of action to treat the diseases. This work is not easy due to the complexity of the compounds and limitation of time and budget. A lead finding with bioassay guided fractionation developing into high throughput screening could not increase the number of potential natural products in the pipeline of the pharmaceutical companies. Therefore, a new approach amends the inclusion of system biology in pharmacognosy research by using metabolomics as a tool. Metabolomics is a comprehensive analysis of the whole metabolites in a sample. Identification of both chemical and bio-markers can be performed by the instrumental analysis of both natural sources and animal bio-fluids and multivariate data analysis. All advanced instrumentation such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are used in metabolomics

Simultaneous detection of 12 mycotoxins in cereals using RP-HPLC-PDA-FLD with PHRED and a post-column derivatization system.

A new method for the simultaneous quantification of 12 mycotoxins was developed and optimized using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence detector (FLD), a photochemical reactor for enhanced detection (PHRED) and post-column derivatization. The mycotoxins included aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB1, FB2, and FB3), T-2 and HT-2 toxins. A double sample extraction with a phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) and methanol was used for co-extraction of mycotoxins, and a multifunctional immunoaffinity column was used for cleanup. Optimum conditions for separation of the mycotoxins were obtained to separate 12 mycotoxins in FLD and PDA chromatograms with a high resolution. The method gave recoveries in the range 72-111% when applied to spiked corn samples. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.025 ng/g for AFB1 and AFG1, 0.012 ng/g for AFB2 and AFG2, 0.2 ng/g for OTA, 1.5 ng/g for ZEA, 6.2 ng/g for FB1, FB3 and HT-2 toxin, 9.4 ng/g for FB2 and T-2 toxin, and 18.7 ng/g for DON. In addition, the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.04 ng/g for AFB2 and AFG2 to 62 ng/g for DON. The method was successfully applied to the determination of these mycotoxins in 45 cereal samples obtained from the Malaysian market. The results indicated that the method can be applied for the multi-mycotoxin determination of cereals

Bioassays activity and FT-IR analysis of clinacanthus nutans (Burm F.) lindau leaves extracts

Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the different solvents extracts of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. F) Lindau leaves through different bioassays as well as to identify the functional group(s) responsible for the particular bioactivity through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Design and method: Mature leaves of C. nutans were collected, oven dried at 40 °C, powdered, and extracted in 80% hydro-methanol to obtain crude extract. This extract was then subjected to liquid to liquid partition to obtain hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous extracts. All the extracts were then analysed for their bioactivity through various bioassays which include anti-oxidant (DPPH and FRAP) assay, xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. FTIR analyses for the qualitative identification of bioactive compounds was then carried out to all the extracts. Results: Bioactivity analyses of the plant’s leaves extracts on anti-oxidant (DPPH and FRAP) assay, xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays revealed that the hexane extract was highly active against α-glucosidase. Meanwhile ethyl acetate exhibited average activity in DPPH scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory assays. Highest FRAP value was exhibited by ethyl acetate extract compared to others. Interestingly, FT-IR spectra analyses of each extract confirmed the presence of different functional groups that may have contributed to the various biological activity. Conclusion: The results of the present study produced the FTIR spectrum profile for the vulnerable medicinally important plant C. nutans (Burm. F) Lindau that further confirms its medicinal values. Hence, C. nutans leaves extract is medicinally potent that may serve essentially in the development of new pharmaceuticals for natural plant-based medicine. Keywords: Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. F) Lindau, DPPH, FRAP, xanthine oxidase, α-glucosidase, FTIR, active principle

Metabolite profiling of Clinacanthus nutans leaves extracts obtained from different drying methods by 1H NMR-based metabolomics

The metabolites of Clinacanthus nutans leaves extracts and their dependence on drying process were systematically characterized using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) multivariate data analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were able to distinguish the leaves extracts obtained from different drying methods. The identified metabolites were carbohydrates, amino acid, flavonoids and sulfur glucoside compounds. The major metabolites responsible for the separation in PLS-DA loading plots were lupeol, cycloclinacosides, betulin, cerebrosides and choline. The results showed that the combination of 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analyses could act as an efficient technique to understand the C. nutans composition and its variation. © 2016 Author(s)

Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in cereals using a validated RP-HPLC method and phred derivatization system

The objective of the study was to develop and validate an HPLC-FLD method, after sample preparation and derivatization, for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in cereals. A solid–liquid extraction approach using 80% methanol followed by a multifunctional immunoaffinity AOZ column clean-up was applied for the extraction of these mycotoxins before HPLC analysis. A photochemical reactor enhance derivatization system (PHRED) was used between the HPLC column and fluorescence detector, in order to enhance the fluorescence intensity of aflatoxin B1 and G1. The best chromatographic separation for the simultaneous determination of the nominated mycotoxins was achieved under optimal HPLC conditions. Recoveries were 77.31–104.1% for cereal samples spiked at 6.5, 10, and 100 ng/g for total aflatoxins (AFs), OTA, and ZEA, respectively; whereas, the precisions were 2.45–11.14%. Limits of detection (LOD) for AFs, OTA, and ZEA were 0.004–0.012, 0.05, and 0.5 ng/g, respectively; whereas. limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.015–0.05, 0.2, and 2 ng/g, correspondingly

Biochemical properties of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) protein hydrolysates

The amino-acid composition, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, and peptide patterns of tilapia protein hydrolysates produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of Alcalase (AH), Flavourzyme (FH) and Protamex (PH) for 5h using pH-stat method were studied. The ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids increased after hydrolysis in all samples; however, no significant differences among them were observed. AH had a highest (P < 0.05) DPPH radical-scavenging activity, but no significant difference in the DPPH between FH and PH was observed. SDS-PAGE patterns for all the hydrolysates showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the number and the intensity of the bands with increasing time of hydrolysis. Flavourzyme showed the lowest rate of hydrolytic activity towards the tilapia mince

Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in cereals using a validated RP-HPLC method and phred derivatization system

The objective of the study was to develop and validate an HPLC-FLD method, after sample preparation and derivatization, for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in cereals. A solid–liquid extraction approach using 80% methanol followed by a multifunctional immunoaffinity AOZ column clean-up was applied for the extraction of these mycotoxins before HPLC analysis. A photochemical reactor enhance derivatization system (PHRED) was used between the HPLC column and fluorescence detector, in order to enhance the fluorescence intensity of aflatoxin B1 and G1. The best chromatographic separation for the simultaneous determination of the nominated mycotoxins was achieved under optimal HPLC conditions. Recoveries were 77.31–104.1% for cereal samples spiked at 6.5, 10, and 100 ng/g for total aflatoxins (AFs), OTA, and ZEA, respectively; whereas, the precisions were 2.45–11.14%. Limits of detection (LOD) for AFs, OTA, and ZEA were 0.004–0.012, 0.05, and 0.5 ng/g, respectively; whereas. limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.015–0.05, 0.2, and 2 ng/g, correspondingly

Chemical profiling of different types of soy sauce and the relationship with its sensory attributes

Four types of soy sauce which are widely consumed and commercially available in Southeast Asia, namely sweet, salty, light and dark soy sauce were discriminated. A comprehensive chemical profiling such as sodium chloride, sugars, organic acids, total nitrogen and free amino acids were determined. The sensory attributes were determined using the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) and their relationship with chemical profiles were analyzed by multivariate approach using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Results showed that sugar was the dominant compound in sweet, salty and dark soy sauce. The sensory attributes such as color, caramel odor, viscosity and sweetness taste increased the overall acceptance in these types of soy sauce. In light soy sauce, sodium chloride, total nitrogen and free amino acids appeared to be dominant compound. It was found that saltiness and umami taste were the important sensory attributes that well-characterized the taste of light soy sauce