36 research outputs found
Mortgage Lending to Individuals in Russia during the Financial Crisis
In this paper, the authors gave an overview of the main models of mortgage lending, and presented the results of their comparative analysis. The experience of mortgage lending in developed countries during the financial crisis of 2008 is considered. It is noted that a two-level model of mortgage lending in Russia is currently used, which allows the state to control the mortgage lending market, to realize refinancing of commercial banks issuing mortgage loans using securitization. The authors considered mortgage lending in Russia during the financial crises of 2008 and 2014, and its qualitative analysis was carried out. The results of the analysis allowed the authors to conclude that the state, represented by the Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending (AHML), played a crucial role in supporting mortgage lending in Russia during financial crises. It is shown that the government subsidized the interest rate on mortgage lending, which allowed not only to stabilize its volumes after the financial crisis of 2014, but also to ensure growth. The authors used the regression model for analyzing the statistical data of mortgage lending, which made it possible to identify factors that significantly influenced the volume of mortgage lending in Russia in the period under review. The results of the study have been summarized, specific recommendations aimed at further development of mortgage lending in Russia have been prepared
ΠΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ-2 Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π’-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Jurkat ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅-ΠΌΠ ΠΠ
Caspase-2 is a key enzyme thinvolved in induction of apoptosis. The caspase-2 level is regulated by alternative splicing (AS) of its mRNA. The aim of this work was to determine the ability of an oligonucleotide complementary to Casp-2 pre-mRNA to induce AS. This oligonucleotide blocked the binding of splicing-regulating proteins to their sites at the end of exon 9 of Casp-2 pre-mRNA, leading to induction of AS of Casp-2 mRNA. The decrease in expression of full-size active splice-variant (Casp-2L) and the increase the expression of a shortened variant (Casp-2S) was demonstrated in human T-cell lymphoma Jurkat cell line. The expression level of total Casp-2 remained unchanged. Disproportion of splice variants of Casp-2 led to inhibition of enzymatic activity of caspase-2.ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Π°-2 ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ-2 ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ (ΠΠ‘) Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ ΠΠ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅-ΠΌΠ ΠΠ Casp-2, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΠ‘. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π° 9 ΠΏΡΠ΅-ΠΌΠ ΠΠ Casp-2, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ‘ ΠΌΠ ΠΠ Casp-2: ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡ-Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Casp-2L ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Casp-2S Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π’-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Jurkat. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Casp-2 Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡ-Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Casp-2 ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ-2
Bacterial L-asparaginases and glutamine(asparagine)ases: Some properties, structure and antitumour activity
Experimental material on structurally and functional organization, regulation of biosynthesis and activity, mechanism of action, genetic determinants, heterologous expression of bacterial L-asparaginases is accumulated. The modern approaches to isolation and purification of these enzymes, some questions of practical using in oncology in the schedules combined chemotherapy of leukemia the native and modified forms of L-asparaginases are discussed. The some.results before carried out in the IBMC RAMS and number institutes of the Russia on study bacterial L-asparaginases and glutamine(asparagine)ases are summarized
Bacterial L-asparaginases and glutamine(asparagine)ases: Some properties, structure and antitumour activity
Experimental material on structurally and functional organization, regulation of biosynthesis and activity, mechanism of action, genetic determinants, heterologous expression of bacterial L-asparaginases is accumulated. The modern approaches to isolation and purification of these enzymes, some questions of practical using in oncology in the schedules combined chemotherapy of leukemia the native and modified forms of L-asparaginases are discussed. The some.results before carried out in the IBMC RAMS and number institutes of the Russia on study bacterial L-asparaginases and glutamine(asparagine)ases are summarized
ΠΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ-2 Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π’-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Jurkat ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅-ΠΌΠ ΠΠ
Caspase-2 is a key enzyme thinvolved in induction of apoptosis. The caspase-2 level is regulated by alternative splicing (AS) of its mRNA. The aim of this work was to determine the ability of an oligonucleotide complementary to Casp-2 pre-mRNA to induce AS. This oligonucleotide blocked the binding of splicing-regulating proteins to their sites at the end of exon 9 of Casp-2 pre-mRNA, leading to induction of AS of Casp-2 mRNA. The decrease in expression of full-size active splice-variant (Casp-2L) and the increase the expression of a shortened variant (Casp-2S) was demonstrated in human T-cell lymphoma Jurkat cell line. The expression level of total Casp-2 remained unchanged. Disproportion of splice variants of Casp-2 led to inhibition of enzymatic activity of caspase-2.ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Π°-2 ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ-2 ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ (ΠΠ‘) Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ ΠΠ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅-ΠΌΠ ΠΠ Casp-2, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΠ‘. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π° 9 ΠΏΡΠ΅-ΠΌΠ ΠΠ Casp-2, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ‘ ΠΌΠ ΠΠ Casp-2: ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡ-Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Casp-2L ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Casp-2S Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π’-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Jurkat. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Casp-2 Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΡ-Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Casp-2 ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ-2
Purification and some properties of recombinant Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase, expressed in E.coli cells
The method of purification Erwinia carotovora recombinant L-asparaginase, expressed in E.coli, including ultrasonic disintegration of biomass, fractionation ammonium sulfate and column chromatography on CM- or SP-Sepharose has been developed. According to SDS-PAAGE the enzyme preparation was homogeneous, its specific activity and yield consist respectively about 620 IU/mg of protein and 75%. Physical-chemical and structural properties of recombinant Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase are similar to the enzymes from the wild strains Erwinia carotovora and recombinant L-asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi
Inhibition of nuclease activity by a splice-switching oligonucleotide targeting deoxyribonuclease 1 mRNA prevents apoptosis progression and prolong viability of normal human CD4+ T-lymphocytes
The nuclease activity of deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase I) is regulated by alternative splicing (AS) of its mRNA. The aim of this study was to define the ability of a splice-switching oligonucleotide (SSO) that base-paired with DNase I pre-mRNA to induce AS and inhibit nuclease activity in human T, B and NK lymphocytes. The SSO for DNase I could significantly downregulate the expression of full-length active DNase I and upregulate a truncated splice variant with a deleted exon 4. Such an induction of AS resulted in inhibition of nuclease activity and slowed apoptosis progression in anti-CD95/FAS stimulated lymphocytes. These results should facilitate further investigations of apoptosis regulation in lymphocytes and demonstrate that SSOs for DNase I are promising cytoprotective agents. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. and Société Française de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire (SFBBM
Alternative splicing of telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT generated by apoptotic endonuclease EndoG induces human CD4+ T cell death
Telomerase activity is regulated by alternative splicing of its catalytic subunit human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA. Induction of a non-active spliced hTERT leads to inhibition of telomerase activity. However, very little is known about the mechanism of hTERT mRNA alternative splicing. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the apoptotic endonuclease EndoG in alternative splicing of hTERT and telomerase activity. A strong correlation was identified between EndoG expression levels and hTERT splice variants in human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Overexpression of EndoG in CD4+ T cells down-regulated the expression of the active full-length hTERT variant and up-regulated expression of the non-active spliced variant. A reduction in full-length hTERT transcripts down-regulated telomerase activity. Long-term in vitro cultivation of EndoG-overexpressing CD4+ T cells led to dramatically shortened telomeres, conversion of cells into a replicative senescence state, and activation of the BCL2/BAX-associated apoptotic pathway finally leading to cell death. These data indicated the participation of EndoG in alternative mRNA splicing of the telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT, regulation of telomerase activity and determination of cell fate. Β© 2017 Elsevier Gmb
Contact-independent suppressive activity of regulatory T cells is associated with telomerase inhibition, telomere shortening and target lymphocyte apoptosis
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a fundamental role in the maintenance of immunological tolerance by suppressing effector target T, B and NK lymphocytes. Contact-dependent suppression mechanisms have been wellβstudied, though contact-independent Treg activity is not fully understood. In the present study, we showed that human native Tregs, as well as induced ex vivo Tregs, can cause in vitro telomere-dependent senescence in target T, B and NK cells in a contact-independent manner. The co-cultivation of target cells with Tregs separated through porous membranes induced alternative splicing of the telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT (human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase), which suppressed telomerase activity. Induction of the hTERT splicing variant was associated with increased expression of the apoptotic endonuclease EndoG, a splicing regulator. Inhibited telomerase in target cells co-cultivated with Tregs for a long period of time led to a decrease in their telomere lengths, cell cycle arrest, conversion of the target cells to replicative senescence and apoptotic death. Induced Tregs showed the ability to up-regulate EndoG expression, TERT alternative splicing and telomerase inhibition in mouse T, B and NK cells after in vivo administration. The results of the present study describe a novel mechanism of contact-independent Treg cell suppression that induces telomerase inhibition through the EndoG-provoked alternative splicing of hTERT and converts cells to senescence and apoptosis phenotypes. Β© 2018 Elsevier Lt