A vulnerabilidade social e o fenômeno bullying: um estudo qualitativo acerca das crianças e adolescentes da grande Florianópolis, Brasil

O fenômeno bullying é considerado um conjunto de atitudes agressivas, intencionais e repetitivas, que ocorrem sem motivação evidente. Esses comportamentos podem ser adotados por um ou mais alunos contra um ou outros, causando dor, angústia e terrível sofrimento às vítimas, gerando como consequência diversos bloqueios psicológicos. O bullying escolar é de extrema complexidade, pois se fazem necessárias investigações mais abrangentes e profundas a respeito não apenas da escola, mas também da família e da comunidade em que estes alunos estão inseridos. O presente estudo surge com o intuito de descrever o perfil dos alunos de alta vulnerabilidade social da Grande Florianópolis, a comunidade escolar, e a presença do bullying nas escolas através da percepção ética deste fenômeno. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo com delineamento longitudinal, de cunho qualitativo, realizado em duas escolas da Grande Florianópolis, SC, escolhidas por conveniência, para que os sujeitos da pesquisa atendessem ao perfil de alta vulnerabilidade social. As coletas ocorreram em duas etapas: 1ª Etapa: contato com a Secretaria de Assistência Social e Habitação do M2, obtendo assim, maiores informações sobre o bairro em que está situada E2, e com o auxílio das assistentes sociais, foi possível compreender melhor a situação da comunidade; 2ª Etapa: relatórios feitos pelos cinco pesquisadores envolvidos diretamente nas coletas de dados que neste estudo assumiram papéis de informantes do meio escolar. De acordo com a primeira etapa da percepção ética foi realizado o contato via e-mail com a Gerente da Proteção Social Básica (Assistente Social) responsável pela Secretaria de Assistência Social e Habitação do M2, para maiores informações sobre o bairro no qual está localizada a E2. As informações obtidas por meio da assistente social confirmam a situação de vulnerabilidade da comunidade estudada no M2. Em relação à 2ª categoria que focou aspectos da segurança em torno da acessibilidade, higiene e violência na escola, os pesquisadores concluíram que a estrutura física acabava por mascarar alguns problemas sérios encontrados nestas escolas, principalmente na E1. Este estudo indicou a existência de um elevado índice de vulnerabilidade social e violência contra e entre crianças e adolescentes de ambas as comunidades investigadas. A prevenção e combate ao bullying é, sobretudo, um desafio a todos os envolvidos na comunidade escolar, sejam dirigentes das escolas, equipe administrativa, corpo pedagógico, pais e alunos. Neste estudo, ressalta-se a importância de conhecer a comunidade em que a escola está inserida no momento em que se planejam projetos de prevenção e intervenção ao bullying.Apoio financeiro do CIEC (Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança, IE, UMinho; UI 317 da FCT, Portugal) através do Projeto Estratégico UID/CED/00317/2013, financiado através dos Fundos Nacionais da FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia), cofinanciado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) através do COMPETE 2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) com a referência POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007562info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Gene Networks Driving Genetic Variation in Milk and Cheese-Making Traits of Spanish Assaf Sheep

Artículo de InvestigaciónMost of the milk produced by sheep is used for the production of high-quality cheese. Consequently, traits related to milk coagulation properties and cheese yield are economically important to the Spanish dairy industry. The present study aims to identify candidate genes and their regulators related to 14 milk and cheese-making traits and to develop a low-density panel of markers that could be used to predict an individual’s genetic potential for cheese-making efficiency. In this study, we performed a combination of the classical genome-wide association study (GWAS) with a stepwise regression method and a pleiotropy analysis to determine the best combination of the variants located within the confidence intervals of the potential candidate genes that may explain the greatest genetic variance for milk and cheese-making traits. Two gene networks related to milk and cheese-making traits were created using the genomic relationship matrices built through a stepwise multiple regression approach. Several co-associated genes in these networks are involved in biological processes previously found to be associated with milk synthesis and cheese-making efficiency. The methodology applied in this study enabled the selection of a co-association network comprised of 374 variants located in the surrounding of genes showing a potential influence on milk synthesis and cheese-making efficiency.S

Systems biology approach for determination of molecular mechanisms associated with feed efficiency in Nellore cattle

A eficiência alimentar (EA) é um fenótipo complexo, controlado por diversos processos biológicos. Determinar e entender esses processos é fundamental para selecionar animais superiores ou mesmo orientar decisões de manejo com o objetivo de aumentar a produtividade e diminuir o impacto ambiental da pecuária. Neste trabalho, propusemos analisar a EA através de uma abordagem de biologia de sistemas, baseada em transcriptômica multitecidual, a fim de gerar um entendimento sistêmico dessa característica. Para isso, 18 animais extremos para consumo alimentar residual foram selecionados a partir de um grupo de 98 bovinos Nelore machos inteiros e tiveram seu transcriptoma de hipotálamo, pituitária, adrenal, músculo e fígado sequenciado (RNAseq). Os reads gerados foram alinhados com o genoma de referência bovino (UMD3.1), filtrados e a expressão de cada gene foi estimada. A partir desses dados três abordagens de análises de dados foram desenvolvidas. Na primeira, cinco critérios de inclusão foram definidos para selecionar genes e construir uma rede de co-expressão para os cinco tecidos, de forma que além de indicarmos diversos genes e processos associados à EA, também fomos capazes de determinar dois genes reguladores, o NR2F6 e o TGFB1. Na segunda abordagem focamos no eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal, também utilizando análises de co-expressão, mas dessa vez sem partir de prévia seleção de genes e concluímos que o sistema de recompensa do cérebro pode estar envolvido no estímulo para maior consumo de alimentos observado no grupo de baixa EA. Finalmente, com a terceira abordagem, identificamos RNAs longos não codificadores (lncRNAs) expressos nos cinco tecidos e encontramos 30 transcritos expressos diferencialmente entre a alta e baixa EA na pituitária, músculo e adrenal, sendo que alguns deles se mostraram relacionados a processos já previamente demostrados como sendo associados a essa característica. Concluímos que, apesar de não conseguirmos determinar nesse momento o papel da maior susceptibilidade ao estresse, reportado na literatura para animais de baixa EA, no estímulo para maior ingestão de alimentos desse grupo, o sistema de recompensa hipotalâmico parece estar envolvido nesse processo. A maior ingestão pode ser a causa da resposta inflamatória observada no fígado, sendo ela de origem bacteriana, indicada pela maior concentração de endotoxina sérica nos animais menos eficientes. O maior turnover de proteínas no músculo de animais de baixa EA já havia sido indicado como um dos fatores que levam ao maior gasto energético nesses indivíduos e foi confirmado nesse trabalho. Além de alguns fatores de transcrição serem indicados como reguladores centrais desse fenótipo, lncRNAs também parecem ter função regulatória importante na EA.Feed efficiency (FE) is a complex phenotype, controlled by several biological processes. Determining and understanding these processes is fundamental to select superior animals or even guide management decisions, aiming to increase productivity and reduce the environmental impact of livestock. In this work, we propose to analyze FE through a systems biology approach, based on multi-tissue transcriptomics, in order to generate a systemic understanding of this trait. For this purpose, 18 extreme animals for residual feed intake were selected from a group of 98 male Nellore cattle and had their hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland, muscle and liver transcriptome sequenced (RNAseq). Reads generated were aligned with the bovine reference genome (UMD3.1), filtered and the expression of each gene was estimated. From these data three experiments were developed. In the first one, five inclusion criteria were defined to select genes and to construct a network of coexpression for the five tissues, so that besides indicating several genes and processes associated with EA, we were also able to determine two regulatory genes, NR2F6 and TGFB1. In the second experiment, we focused on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, also using co-expression analysis, but this time without starting from previous selected genes. We conclude that the reward system of the brain might be involved in the stimulus for higher feed intake observed in the low EA group. Finally, in the third experiment, we identified long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) expressed in the five tissues and found 30 transcripts differentially expressed between the high and low FE in the pituitary, muscle and adrenal, and some of them were related to previously demonstrated processes associated to this trait. We conclude that although we cannot determine at this time the role of higher susceptibility to stress, reported in the literature for animals of low FE, in the stimulus for higher feed intake of this group, the hypothalamic reward system seems to be involved in this process. The higher ingestion might be the cause of the inflammatory response observed in the liver of, being of bacterial origin, indicated by the higher concentration of serum endotoxin in less efficient animals. The higher turnover of proteins in the muscle of low FE animals had already been indicated as one of the factors that lead to higher energy expenditure in these individuals and it was confirmed in this study. In addition to some transcription factors being indicated as central regulators of this phenotype, lncRNAs also appear to play an important regulatory role in FE

Characterization of global hepatic gene expression profile associated with feed efficiency in Nelore cattle

A seleção de bovinos de corte para eficiência alimentar (EA) é bastante vantajosa não só do ponto de vista produtivo e econômico como também por ajudar a diminuir o impacto ambiental da produção pecuária. Por ser uma característica multifatorial e de mensuração onerosa, objetivou-se com esse trabalho, a partir da expressão gênica global hepática de animais com alta eficiência alimentar (AEA) e baixa eficiência alimentar (BEA), identificar novos genes, funções biológicas e genes reguladores associados a esse fenótipo. Para isso, 98 bovinos Nelore foram avaliados quanto ao desempenho em confinamento, medidas de EA, ultrassonografia de carcaça, bioquímica sérica, biometria, rendimento de carcaça, maciez de carne e avaliação de líquido ruminal. Além disso, 8 animais de AEA e 8 animais de BEA, selecionados pela medida de consumo e ganho residual ao final do confinamento, tiveram dados de perfil transcriptômico hepático analisados por 3 abordagens: expressão gênica diferencial, co-expressão e co-expressão diferencial. Foi observado que os grupos de AEA e BEA apresentaram desempenho igual quanto ao peso inicial e final, ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça e área de olho de lombo. Por outro lado, os animais de BEA tiveram maior consumo de alimentos e maior deposição de gordura subcutânea e visceral. Além disso, os animais de BEA apresentaram níveis elevados de colesterol e de GGT e a análise de perfil transcriptômico mostrou estar relacionada à resposta imunológica, inflamação e metabolismo de lipídeos. Baseado nesses resultados e em pesquisas em humanos criou-se a hipótese de que os animais de BEA são mais susceptíveis a infecção bacteriana no fígado em resposta à mudança da dieta a pasto para a dieta de confinamento.The selection of beef cattle to feed efficiency (FE) traits is very important not only from the productive and economic perspective but also for helping to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production. Being a multifactorial and expensive to measurement trait, the aim of this work was to analyze the liver global gene expression profile of animals with high feed efficiency (HFE) and low feed efficiency (LFE), to identify new genes, biological functions and regulatory genes associated to this phenotype. For this purpose, 98 Nellore cattle were evaluated regarding feedlot performance, FE measures, carcass ultrasound, serum biochemistry, biometric measures, carcass evaluation, meat tenderness and evaluation of ruminal fluid. In addition, 8 animals of HFE and 8 animals of LFE, selected by the measure of residual intake and body weight gain at the end of feeding trial, had liver transcriptomic profile data analyzed by three approaches: differential gene expression, co-expression and differential co-expression. It was observed that HFE and LFE groups showed equal performance for initial and final weight, weight gain, carcass yield and rib eye area. On the other hand, the animals of LFE had higher feed intake and increased deposition of subcutaneous and visceral fat. In addition, animals of LFE showed higher levels of cholesterol and GGT and transcriptomic profile analysis showed to be related to immune response, inflammation and lipid metabolism. Based on these results and research in humans we created the hypothesis that the LFE animals are more susceptible to bacterial infection in the liver in response to the change of pasture diet to feedlot diet

Transcriptome Profile Reveals Genetic and Metabolic Mechanisms Related to Essential Fatty Acid Content of Intramuscular <i>Longissimus thoracis</i> in Nellore Cattle

Beef is a source of essential fatty acids (EFA), linoleic (LA) and alpha-linolenic (ALA) acids, which protect against inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases in humans. However, the intramuscular EFA profile in cattle is a complex and polygenic trait. Thus, this study aimed to identify potential regulatory genes of the essential fatty acid profile in Longissimus thoracis of Nellore cattle finished in feedlot. Forty-four young bulls clustered in four groups of fifteen animals with extreme values for each FA were evaluated through differentially expressed genes (DEG) analysis and two co-expression methodologies (WGCNA and PCIT). We highlight the ECHS1, IVD, ASB5, and ERLIN1 genes and the TF NFIA, indicated in both FA. Moreover, we associate the NFYA, NFYB, PPARG, FASN, and FADS2 genes with LA, and the RORA and ELOVL5 genes with ALA. Furthermore, the functional enrichment analysis points out several terms related to FA metabolism. These findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the beef EFA profile in Nellore cattle finished in feedlot

Identification of a metabolomic signature associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle

Abstract Background Ruminants play a great role in sustainable livestock since they transform pastures, silage, and crop residues into high-quality human food (i.e. milk and beef). Animals with better ability to convert food into animal protein, measured as a trait called feed efficiency (FE), also produce less manure and greenhouse gas per kilogram of produced meat. Thus, the identification of high feed efficiency cattle is important for sustainable nutritional management. Our aim was to evaluate the potential of serum metabolites to identify FE of beef cattle before they enter the feedlot. Results A total of 3598 and 4210 m/z features was detected in negative and positive ionization modes via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A single feature was different between high and low FE groups. Network analysis (WGCNA) yielded the detection of 19 and 20 network modules of highly correlated features in negative and positive mode respectively, and 1 module of each acquisition mode was associated with RFI (r = 0.55, P < 0.05). Pathway enrichment analysis (Mummichog) yielded the Retinol metabolism pathway associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle in our conditions. Conclusion Altogether, these findings demonstrate the existence of a serum-based metabolomic signature associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle before they enter the feedlot. We are now working to validate the use of metabolites for identification of feed efficient animals for sustainable nutritional management

Circulating leptin and its muscle gene expression in Nellore cattle with divergent feed efficiency

Abstract Background Leptin has a strong relation to important traits in animal production, such as carcass composition, feed intake, and reproduction. It is mainly produced by adipose cells and acts predominantly in the hypothalamus. In this study, circulating leptin and its gene expression in muscle were evaluated in two groups of young Nellore bulls with divergent feed efficiency. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) of 98 Nellore bulls were evaluated in feedlot for 70 d to determinate the residual feed intake (RFI) and select 20 animals for the high feed efficient (LRFI) and 20 for the low feed efficient (HRFI) groups. Blood samples were collected on d 56 and at slaughter (80 d) to determine circulating plasma leptin. Samples of Longissimus dorsi were taken at slaughter for leptin gene expression levels. Results DMI and RFI were different between groups and LRFI animals showed less back fat and rump fat thickness, as well as less pelvic and kidney fat weight. Circulating leptin increased over time in all animals. Plasma leptin was greater in LRFI on 56 d and at slaughter (P = 0.0049). Gene expression of leptin were greater in LRFI animals (P = 0.0022) in accordance with the plasma levels. The animals of the LRFI group were leaner, ate less, and had more circulating leptin and its gene expression. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that leptin plays its physiological role in young Nellore bulls, probably controlling food intake because feed efficient animals have more leptin and lower residual feed intake

Imatinib Mesylate for the Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Assessment of the Response and Adverse Events in Comparison with the Conventional Therapy with Vinblastine and Prednisone

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are common neoplasms in dogs, and treatments for these diseases include surgery, polychemotherapy and targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This study aimed to evaluate the response and the adverse events of treatment with imatinib mesylate (IM) compared to conventional therapy using vinblastine and prednisolone (VP) in canine cutaneous MCTs. Twenty-four dogs were included in the study; 13 animals were treated with IM and 11 with VP. Tumor tissue samples were submitted for histological diagnosis, grading and KIT immunostaining. The response to treatment was assessed by tomographic measurements according to VCOG criteria. Adverse events were classified according to VCOG-CTCAE criteria. The IM and VP groups had dogs with similar breeds, gender, ages, MCT localization, WHO stages and lymph node metastasis profiles. Most MCTs were grade 2/low and had KIT- patterns 2 and 3. The objective response rate (ORR) was significantly higher (30.79%) in the IM group then in VP group (9.09%). Adverse events (AE) in IM group were all grade 1, significantly different from VP. In conclusion, IM presented better ORR and less severe adverse events when compared to VP, representing a suitable option for the treatment of low-grade canine MCTs

Genome-wide CNV analysis reveals variants associated with growth traits in Bos indicus

Abstract Background Apart from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), copy number variation (CNV) is another important type of genetic variation, which may affect growth traits and play key roles for the production of beef cattle. To date, no genome-wide association study (GWAS) for CNV and body traits in beef cattle has been reported, so the present study aimed to investigate this type of association in one of the most important cattle subspecies: Bos indicus (Nellore breed). Results We have used intensity data from over 700,000 SNP probes across the bovine genome to detect common CNVs in a sample of 2230 Nellore cattle, and performed GWAS between the detected CNVs and nine growth traits. After filtering for frequency and length, a total of 231 CNVs ranging from 894 bp to 4,855,088 bp were kept and tested as predictors for each growth trait using linear regression analysis with principal components correction. There were 49 significant associations identified among 17 CNVs and seven body traits after false discovery rate correction (P < 0.05). Among the 17 CNVs, three were significant or marginally significant for all the traits. We have compared the locations of associated CNVs with quantitative trait locus and the RefGene database, and found two sets of 9 CNVs overlapping with either known QTLs or genes, respectively. The gene overlapping with CNV100, KCNJ12, is a functional candidate for muscle development and plays critical roles in muscling traits. Conclusion This study presents the first CNV-based GWAS of growth traits using high density SNP microarray data in cattle. We detected 17 CNVs significantly associated with seven growth traits and one of them (CNV100) may be involved in growth traits through KCNJ12