5 research outputs found
Ants, Cataglyphis cursor, Use Precisely Directed Rescue Behavior to Free Entrapped Relatives
Although helping behavior is ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom, actual rescue activity is particularly rare. Nonetheless, here we report the first experimental evidence that ants, Cataglyphis cursor, use precisely directed rescue behavior to free entrapped victims; equally important, they carefully discriminate between individuals in distress, offering aid only to nestmates. Our experiments simulate a natural situation, which we often observed in the field when collecting Catagyphis ants, causing sand to collapse in the process. Using a novel experimental technique that binds victims experimentally, we observed the behavior of separate, randomly chosen groups of 5 C. cursor nestmates under one of six conditions. In five of these conditions, a test stimulus (the âvictimâ) was ensnared with nylon thread and held partially beneath the sand. The test stimulus was either (1) an individual from the same colony; (2) an individual from a different colony of C cursor; (3) an ant from a different ant species; (4) a common prey item; or, (5) a motionless (chilled) nestmate. In the final condition, the test stimulus (6) consisted of the empty snare apparatus. Our results demonstrate that ants are able to recognize what, exactly, holds their relative in place and direct their behavior to that object, the snare, in particular. They begin by excavating sand, which exposes the nylon snare, transporting sand away from it, and then biting at the snare itself. Snare biting, a behavior never before reported in the literature, demonstrates that rescue behavior is far more sophisticated, exact and complexly organized than the simple forms of helping behavior already known, namely limb pulling and sand digging. That is, limb pulling and sand digging could be released directly by a chemical call for help and thus result from a very simple mechanism. However, it's difficult to see how this same releasing mechanism could guide rescuers to the precise location of the nylon thread, and enable them to target their bites to the thread itself
Is there a benefit of excluding sheep from permanent pastures at flowering peak ? : diet selection, floristic and insect diversity (Lepidoptera, Bombidae, Carabidae)
LâĂ©rosion de la biodiversitĂ© prairiale est devenue une prĂ©occupation majeure Ă lâĂ©chelle EuropĂ©enne. Le pĂąturage ovin est supposĂ© avoir un impact nĂ©gatif sur la diversitĂ© prairiale, en raison de leur forte sĂ©lectivitĂ© pour les dicotylĂ©dones, indispensables aux insectes pollinisateurs. ComparĂ©s aux bovins, les ovins structurent peu les couverts et crĂ©ent Ă©galement moins de niches Ă©cologiques contrastĂ©es. Lâobjectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de tester la faisabilitĂ©, et les bĂ©nĂ©fices en pĂąturage ovin, dâune conduite en rotation dans laquelle une sous-parcelle est temporairement exclue du pĂąturage au moment du pic de floraison. Les effets de cette conduite ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s Ă ceux dâun pĂąturage continu au mĂȘme chargement. Au delĂ des indicateurs directs de performances zootechniques et de biodiversitĂ© (plantes, papillons, bourdons et carabes), nous avons analysĂ© la sĂ©lection alimentaire des brebis dans les deux modes de conduite. Nous avons aussi cherchĂ© Ă apprĂ©hender comment la race et la fertilitĂ© du milieu pouvaient moduler la faisabilitĂ© dâun tel pĂąturage tournant et son intĂ©rĂȘt vis-Ă -vis de la prĂ©servation de la biodiversitĂ©. IndĂ©pendamment de leur race, les brebis ont prĂ©sentĂ© une sĂ©lection alimentaire accrue vis-Ă -vis des dicotylĂ©dones dans les parcelles pĂąturĂ©es en rotation, qui a rapidement entraĂźnĂ© une diminution de leur richesse floristique en comparaison des parcelles pĂąturĂ©es en continu. Lâaugmentation de lâintensitĂ© de floraison des sous parcelles temporairement exclues de la rotation a favorisĂ© les bourdons, probablement en raison de lâaugmentation de la ressource en pollen et en nectar. En revanche, ce mode de gestion nâa pas permis dâaugmenter la densitĂ© ni la richesse spĂ©cifique des papillons et des carabes. Le bĂ©nĂ©fice dâune mise en dĂ©fens temporaire dâune partie des parcelles semble donc moindre quâen pĂąturage bovin. DĂ©finir les dates de mises en dĂ©fens par rapport Ă la floraison dâespĂšces indicatrices, moduler la durĂ©e de la mise en dĂ©fens en fonction de la pousse de printemps, et prolonger lâexclusion de certaines parcelles en automne et en hiver sont autant de pistes quâil nous reste Ă explorer, afin de dĂ©terminer les conditions dâapplication optimale dâune telle conduite.Biodiversity loss in grasslands is a major concern across Europe. Sheep grazing is rarely considered the best method for delivering conservation objectives, as the result of their strong diet selection on forbs and legumes, which in turn negatively impacts nectar-dependent insect groups. Compared with cattle, sheep also produce a strong homogeneization effect and reduce habitat diversity. The objective of this thesis was to analyze the feasibility and environmental benefits of a rotational grazing management, in which sheep were temporarily excluded from a sub-plot at flowering peak. It was compared with continuous grazing in the same stocking rate. In addition, to measurements of animal performances and biodiversity indicators (plants, butterflies, bumblebees and ground beetles), we analyzed diet selection by ewes in the two grazing managements, and how sheep breed and soil fertility could modulate biodiversity outputs in the rotational management. Independently of sheep breed, the ewes increased their selection of forbs and legumes in rotationally-grazed plots. This rapidly decreased plant species richness in rotationally compared with continuously-grazed plots. However, an increase of flowering intensity in temporarily ungrazed sub-plots benefited bumblebee density and species richness, as predicted by the âtrophic levelâ hypothesis. Rotational grazing management did not increase butterfly and ground beetle densities, which stresses that its benefits would be lesser than in cattle-grazed systems. Defining the exclusion period based on the flowering of indicator plant species, modulating its duration based on spring grass growth, and keeping some sub-plots ungrazed until the end of the grazing season are options that still need to be tested in order to define the optimal conditions for such a rotational grazing management
Impact d'une mise en defens temporaire de prairies permanentes durant le pic de floraison : sélection alimentaire des brebis, diversité floristique et entomologique (Lepidoptera, Bombidae, Carabidae) des couverts
Biodiversity loss in grasslands is a major concern across Europe. Sheep grazing is rarely considered the best method for delivering conservation objectives, as the result of their strong diet selection on forbs and legumes, which in turn negatively impacts nectar-dependent insect groups. Compared with cattle, sheep also produce a strong homogeneization effect and reduce habitat diversity. The objective of this thesis was to analyze the feasibility and environmental benefits of a rotational grazing management, in which sheep were temporarily excluded from a sub-plot at flowering peak. It was compared with continuous grazing in the same stocking rate. In addition, to measurements of animal performances and biodiversity indicators (plants, butterflies, bumblebees and ground beetles), we analyzed diet selection by ewes in the two grazing managements, and how sheep breed and soil fertility could modulate biodiversity outputs in the rotational management. Independently of sheep breed, the ewes increased their selection of forbs and legumes in rotationally-grazed plots. This rapidly decreased plant species richness in rotationally compared with continuously-grazed plots. However, an increase of flowering intensity in temporarily ungrazed sub-plots benefited bumblebee density and species richness, as predicted by the âtrophic levelâ hypothesis. Rotational grazing management did not increase butterfly and ground beetle densities, which stresses that its benefits would be lesser than in cattle-grazed systems. Defining the exclusion period based on the flowering of indicator plant species, modulating its duration based on spring grass growth, and keeping some sub-plots ungrazed until the end of the grazing season are options that still need to be tested in order to define the optimal conditions for such a rotational grazing management.LâĂ©rosion de la biodiversitĂ© prairiale est devenue une prĂ©occupation majeure Ă lâĂ©chelle EuropĂ©enne. Le pĂąturage ovin est supposĂ© avoir un impact nĂ©gatif sur la diversitĂ© prairiale, en raison de leur forte sĂ©lectivitĂ© pour les dicotylĂ©dones, indispensables aux insectes pollinisateurs. ComparĂ©s aux bovins, les ovins structurent peu les couverts et crĂ©ent Ă©galement moins de niches Ă©cologiques contrastĂ©es. Lâobjectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de tester la faisabilitĂ©, et les bĂ©nĂ©fices en pĂąturage ovin, dâune conduite en rotation dans laquelle une sous-parcelle est temporairement exclue du pĂąturage au moment du pic de floraison. Les effets de cette conduite ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s Ă ceux dâun pĂąturage continu au mĂȘme chargement. Au delĂ des indicateurs directs de performances zootechniques et de biodiversitĂ© (plantes, papillons, bourdons et carabes), nous avons analysĂ© la sĂ©lection alimentaire des brebis dans les deux modes de conduite. Nous avons aussi cherchĂ© Ă apprĂ©hender comment la race et la fertilitĂ© du milieu pouvaient moduler la faisabilitĂ© dâun tel pĂąturage tournant et son intĂ©rĂȘt vis-Ă -vis de la prĂ©servation de la biodiversitĂ©. IndĂ©pendamment de leur race, les brebis ont prĂ©sentĂ© une sĂ©lection alimentaire accrue vis-Ă -vis des dicotylĂ©dones dans les parcelles pĂąturĂ©es en rotation, qui a rapidement entraĂźnĂ© une diminution de leur richesse floristique en comparaison des parcelles pĂąturĂ©es en continu. Lâaugmentation de lâintensitĂ© de floraison des sous parcelles temporairement exclues de la rotation a favorisĂ© les bourdons, probablement en raison de lâaugmentation de la ressource en pollen et en nectar. En revanche, ce mode de gestion nâa pas permis dâaugmenter la densitĂ© ni la richesse spĂ©cifique des papillons et des carabes. Le bĂ©nĂ©fice dâune mise en dĂ©fens temporaire dâune partie des parcelles semble donc moindre quâen pĂąturage bovin. DĂ©finir les dates de mises en dĂ©fens par rapport Ă la floraison dâespĂšces indicatrices, moduler la durĂ©e de la mise en dĂ©fens en fonction de la pousse de printemps, et prolonger lâexclusion de certaines parcelles en automne et en hiver sont autant de pistes quâil nous reste Ă explorer, afin de dĂ©terminer les conditions dâapplication optimale dâune telle conduite
Is there a benefit of excluding sheep from pastures at flowering peak on flower-visiting insect diversity?
International audiencePermanent grasslands are an important habitat for insect communities, including pollinator populations which are in pan-European decline. Here, we investigated the benefits of temporarily excluding sheep from pastures on butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera and Zygaenidae) and bumblebee (Hymenoptera: Bombidae) communities in two semi-natural grasslands differing in soil fertility and surrounding landscapes. We compared the impact of continuous grazing against rotational grazing (RG) at the same stocking rate but in which a subplot was excluded from the rotation during the main flowering period. We predicted that the diversity of flower-visiting insect community would be improved by RG due to the preservation of flower-rich patches and the maintenance of sward heterogeneity. Benefits of RG management were mainly evidenced on bumblebee density and species richness, with some additional effects on local density of butterflies during the subplot-exclusion period. Temporarily excluding sheep from pastures during peak flowering could thus offer an opportunity to preserve the diversity of flower-visiting insects, in spite of weaker benefits than could have been expected from previous surveys with cattle
Un pùturage tournant alternatif conciliant performances animales et préservation des insectes prairiaux
National audiencePermanent pastures provide suitable habitat for insects such as bumblebees and butterflies, in sharp decline throughout Europe. Here, we designed an alternative rotational stocking management that aims to preserve grassland insects while also maintaining stocking rate, and thus the level of livestock production per hectare: it consists in temporary excluding of one of the sub-plots of the rotation at flowering peak, in order to provide abundant resources and a favorable sward structure for insects. Such rotational grazing was compared to continuous grazing at the same stocking rate i) in cattle grazed at two stocking rates, high and moderate, and ii) in sheep grazed at a high stocking rate in either upland or more fertile grassland communities. Two years of measurements were conducted for each comparison. In cattle, rotational grazing at a high stocking rate increased flowering intensity in rotationally-grazed plots (p <0.01) and doubled the species richness (p <0.001) and abundance of butterflies (p <0.01). It, however, also led to a 19% reduction in the number of grazing days in a year of unfavourable spring grass growth. Benefit for butterflies was lower at the moderate stocking rate (increased abundance of 35%, p <0.10), but this stocking rate always allowed good growth performance of heifers. In sheep, rotational grazing led to an increase in bumblebee abundance (p <0.05 in year 1, year x treatment: p <0.10) and species richness (p <0.05), but had no effect on ground beetles. Benefit for butterflies (p <0.10 for abundance) was weak and limited to the excluded sub-plots. Sheep growth was not affected. Temporarily excluding cattle from some of the plots at flowering peak thus appears a biodiversity-friendly management for permanent grasslands, but it appears a risky grazing practice when spring grass growth is low. Benefits of this rotational stocking management may also be weaker in sheep-grazed pastures.Les prairies permanentes pĂąturĂ©es offrent des habitats favorables aux insectes, tels les bourdons et les papillons, en net dĂ©clin dans toute lâEurope. Dans lâobjectif de prĂ©server les insectes prairiaux tout en maintenant la charge animale, et donc le niveau de production Ă lâhectare, un pĂąturage tournant alternatif a Ă©tĂ© testĂ©. Il consiste Ă exclure temporairement une des sous-parcelles de la rotation au pic de floraison pour offrir aux insectes des ressources abondantes et une structure du couvert favorable. Ce mode de pĂąturage tournant a Ă©tĂ© comparĂ© Ă un pĂąturage continu au mĂȘme chargement : i) en pĂąturage bovin Ă un chargement fort (1,2 UGB ha-1) en 2005-6 et Ă un chargement modĂ©rĂ© (0,85 UGB ha-1) en 2007-8 ; ii) en pĂąturage ovin Ă un chargement instantanĂ© fort (1,4 et 1,9 UGB ha-1) dans deux types de prairies, une estive et une prairie plus fertile en 2009-10. En pĂąturage bovin, le pĂąturage tournant alternatif conduit au fort chargement a permis dâaugmenter lâintensitĂ© de floraison des parcelles (p < 0,01) et de doubler la richesse spĂ©cifique (p < 0,001) et lâabondance des papillons (p < 0,01). Elle sâest Ă©galement traduite par une rĂ©duction de 19% du nombre de journĂ©es de pĂąturage lors dâune annĂ©e oĂč la pousse dâherbe Ă©tait limitante au printemps. Le bĂ©nĂ©fice pour les papillons a Ă©tĂ© moindre au chargement modĂ©rĂ© (abondance accrue de 35% ; p < 0,10), mais ce chargement a toujours permis une bonne croissance des gĂ©nisses. En pĂąturage ovin, ce mode de rotation a favorisĂ© la richesse spĂ©cifique (p < 0,05) et lâabondance des bourdons (p < 0,05 en annĂ©e 1 ; annĂ©e x traitement : p < 0,10), mais il a Ă©tĂ© sans effet sur les carabes. Dans les deux prairies, son bĂ©nĂ©fice pour les papillons a Ă©tĂ© de faible amplitude et limitĂ© aux sous-parcelles exclues du pĂąturage (p < 0,10). La croissance des brebis nâa jamais Ă©tĂ© affectĂ©e. Lâexclusion temporaire dâune partie des parcelles dâune rotation au moment du pic de floraison apparaĂźt ainsi comme une conduite pouvant favoriser les insectes prairiaux. La mise en place dâune telle conduite devra ĂȘtre ajustĂ©e lorsque la pousse de lâherbe devient limitante. Ses bĂ©nĂ©fices pourraient ĂȘtre moindres en pĂąturage ovin quâen pĂąturage bovin