Residues of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in red fox liver samples.

<p>Number (N) of red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) containing residues and concentrations in μg/g of residues from AR positive individuals are stated for all eight analyzed ARs. % refers to the total number of 331 samples.</p

Residues of first (FGARs) and second (SGARs) generation anticoagulant rodenticides in fox liver samples.

<p>FGARs include chlorophacinone, coumatetralyl and warfarin; SGARs include brodifacoum, bromadiolome, difenacoum, difethialone and flocoumafen. Left: FGAR (N = 3) and SGAR (N = 5) occurrence (one percentage value per active substance); Right: FGAR (N = 3) and SGAR (N = 5) residue concentrations (median residue concentration per active substance).</p

Residues of anticoagulant rodenticides in red fox liver samples.

<p>Percentage of samples containing no residues (n. d.), brodifacoum (BR), bromadiolone (BM), flocoumafen (F), difenacoum (DN) in four concentration classes.</p

Model results of associations between residue occurrence and local parameters.

<p>Residue occurrence (No. of pos and neg. individuals) of any anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) and for each active substance (brodifacoum–BR, bromadiolone–BM, difenacoum–DN and flocoumafen–F) in 14 districts was screened for associations with local parameters. Model results and pseudo r² values, including fixed and random factors, are given. Significant associations are marked with *.</p

Sources of red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) liver samples used for local parameter association.

<p>Samples originated from 35 German administrative districts (shaded areas) within the federal states LS (Lower Saxony), NW (North Rhine-Westphalia), BB (Brandenburg) and BW (Baden-Wuerttemberg). Districts that provided at least 5 liver samples (striped areas) were used for local parameter analysis. The graphic is based on <a href="http://www.bkg.bund.de/nn_167688/SharedDocs/Download/DE-Karten/Verwaltungskarte-Deutschland-BRK-DIN-A3,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/Verwaltungskarte-Deutschland-BRK-DIN-A3.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.bkg.bund.de/nn_167688/SharedDocs/Download/DE-Karten/Verwaltungskarte-Deutschland-BRK-DIN-A3,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/Verwaltungskarte-Deutschland-BRK-DIN-A3.pdf</a> (accessed 15 January 2015) adjusted using ArcGIS 10.0.</p

Relation between Intensity of Biocide Practice and Residues of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Red Foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>)

<div><p>Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are commonly used to control rodent infestations for biocidal and plant protection purposes. This can lead to AR exposure of non-target small mammals and their predators, which is known from several regions of the world. However, drivers of exposure variation are usually not known. To identify environmental drivers of AR exposure in non-targets we analyzed 331 liver samples of red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) for residues of eight ARs and used local parameters (percentage of urban area and livestock density) to test for associations to residue occurrence. 59.8% of samples collected across Germany contained at least one rodenticide, in 20.2% of cases at levels at which biological effects are suspected. Second generation anticoagulants (mainly brodifacoum and bromadiolone) occurred more often than first generation anticoagulants. Local livestock density and the percentage of urban area were good indicators for AR residue occurrence. There was a positive association between pooled ARs and brodifacoum occurrence with livestock density as well as of pooled ARs, brodifacoum and difenacoum occurrence with the percentage of urban area on administrative district level. Pig holding drove associations of livestock density to AR residue occurrence in foxes. Therefore, risk mitigation strategies should focus on areas of high pig density and on highly urbanized areas to minimize non-target risk.</p></div

Residue distribution of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in German districts.

<p>Number (N) of red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) containing anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) residues in their livers and concentrations in μg/g of individuals where ARs were present: all anticoagulants (AR), brodifacoum (BR) and bromadiolone (BM). German districts are located in four federal states (Brandenburg: BB, Baden-Wuerttemberg: BW, Lower Saxony: LS, North Rhine-Westphalia: NW).</p

Puckett_etal_RatPhylogeog_SNPs.tar

SNPs (l=32,127) discovered from a ddRAD-Seq project with Rattus norvegicus (n=314) and Rattus rattus (n=33) samples from around the world. SNPs are aligned to the Rattus norvegicus Rnor_6.0 genome and provided as binary PLINK files (.bed, .bim, .fam). See Tables S1 and S2 of the manuscript for locations for each sample name

Puckett_etal_RatPhylogeog_Supplemental from Global population divergence and admixture of the brown rat (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>)

Supplemental Methods, Supplemental Figures S1-S1