Digitalisation of Agricultural Production for Precision Farming: A Case Study

The introduction of a digital platform for practical use at an agro-industrial enterprise is of great practical importance for the development of precision farming. Modern digital information systems are an integral part of precision farming and, in many ways, their foundation. During the work on the Farm Management Information Systems (FMIS) project, software and methodological framework for the use of precision farming techniques and information technologies for managing the process of growing crops in the field was developed. The introduction of a digital platform was carried out as an important experiment. Research methods such as bibliographic analysis and statistical processing were used. This study used modelling and statistical estimation of parameters. The findings were used to estimate the volume of transactions. In addition, during the experiment, communication schemes were worked out. The channel for receiving and transmitting information was tested, along with the channel-forming equipment (routers, switches, gateways) and the basic settings. The study checked the integration of the platform with external systems. A test was carried out for the passage of digital signals to the platform, including various electronic forms and reports. The recommendation for the policy planner is to ensure the required accuracy of the results. The practical value of our findings is that the electronic recording and preservation of the history of fieldwork and crops can help agro-industry workers in preparing special reports on the production cycle

Digitalisation of Agricultural Production for Precision Farming: A Case Study

The introduction of a digital platform for practical use at an agro-industrial enterprise is of great practical importance for the development of precision farming. Modern digital information systems are an integral part of precision farming and, in many ways, their foundation. During the work on the Farm Management Information Systems (FMIS) project, software and methodological framework for the use of precision farming techniques and information technologies for managing the process of growing crops in the field was developed. The introduction of a digital platform was carried out as an important experiment. Research methods such as bibliographic analysis and statistical processing were used. This study used modelling and statistical estimation of parameters. The findings were used to estimate the volume of transactions. In addition, during the experiment, communication schemes were worked out. The channel for receiving and transmitting information was tested, along with the channel-forming equipment (routers, switches, gateways) and the basic settings. The study checked the integration of the platform with external systems. A test was carried out for the passage of digital signals to the platform, including various electronic forms and reports. The recommendation for the policy planner is to ensure the required accuracy of the results. The practical value of our findings is that the electronic recording and preservation of the history of fieldwork and crops can help agro-industry workers in preparing special reports on the production cycle

Synthesis of Optimal Algorithms of Recognition of Group Air Targets in Airborne Radar Systems

В статье при байесовском критерии оптимальности синтезированы алгоритмы распознавания на этапе вторичной обработки сигналов численного и типового состава групповой воздушной цели (ГВЦ), характера её полёта в радиолокационных системах (РЛС) воздушного базирования, построенных по импульсно-доплеровскому (ИД) принципу обработки сигналов с длительным временем их когерентного накопления. При этом предполагается, что имеется информация о состоянии ГВЦ, полученная в результате обработки сигналов в РЛС на этапе первичной обработки радиолокационных (РЛ) сигналов, отражённых от ГВЦ.In the article by Bayesian optimality criteria algorithms for the recognition stage, the secondary signal processing and numerical model of group air targets , the nature of its flight in radar systems , airborne, built by pulse-Doppler (ID) principle of signal processing of a long time coherent accumulation. In this case, it is assumed that there is information about the state of group air targets, the resulting signal processing in radar at the stage of primary processing of radar (radar) signals reflected from the group of air target

Flagellin-fused protein targeting M2e and HA2 induces potent humoral and T-cell responses and protects mice against various influenza viruses a subtypes

Abstract Background Current influenza vaccines are mainly strain-specific and have limited efficacy in preventing new, potentially pandemic, influenza strains. Efficient control of influenza A infection can potentially be achieved through the development of broad-spectrum vaccines based on conserved antigens. A current trend in the design of universal flu vaccines is the construction of recombinant proteins based on combinations of various conserved epitopes of viral proteins (M1, M2, HA2, NP). In this study, we compared the immunogenicity and protective action of two recombinant proteins which feature different designs and which target different antigens. Results Balb/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with Flg-HA2–2-4M2ehs or FlgSh-HA2–2-4M2ehs; these constructs differ in the location of hemagglutinin’s HA2–2(76–130) insertion into flagellin (FliC). The humoral and T-cell immune responses to these constructs were evaluated. The simultaneous expression of different M2e and HA2–2(76–130) in recombinant protein form induces a strong M2e-specific IgG response and CD4+/ CD8+ T-cell response. The insertion of HA2–2(76–130) into the hypervariable domain of flagellin greatly increases antigen-specific T-cell response, as evidenced by the formation of multi-cytokine-secreting CD4+, CD8+ T-cells, Tem, and Tcm. Both proteins provide full protection from lethal challenge with A/H3N2 and A/H7N9. Conclusion Our results show that highly conserved M2e and HA2–2(76–130) can be used as important targets for the development of universal flu vaccines. The location of the HA2–2(76–130) peptide’s insertion into the hypervariable domain of flagellin had a significant effect on the T-cell response to influenza antigens, as seen by forming of multi-cytokine-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells

Synthesis of Optimal Algorithms of Recognition of Group Air Targets in Airborne Radar Systems

В статье при байесовском критерии оптимальности синтезированы алгоритмы распознавания на этапе вторичной обработки сигналов численного и типового состава групповой воздушной цели (ГВЦ), характера её полёта в радиолокационных системах (РЛС) воздушного базирования, построенных по импульсно-доплеровскому (ИД) принципу обработки сигналов с длительным временем их когерентного накопления. При этом предполагается, что имеется информация о состоянии ГВЦ, полученная в результате обработки сигналов в РЛС на этапе первичной обработки радиолокационных (РЛ) сигналов, отражённых от ГВЦ.In the article by Bayesian optimality criteria algorithms for the recognition stage, the secondary signal processing and numerical model of group air targets , the nature of its flight in radar systems , airborne, built by pulse-Doppler (ID) principle of signal processing of a long time coherent accumulation. In this case, it is assumed that there is information about the state of group air targets, the resulting signal processing in radar at the stage of primary processing of radar (radar) signals reflected from the group of air target

Protection against Multiple Influenza A Virus Strains Induced by Candidate Recombinant Vaccine Based on Heterologous M2e Peptides Linked to Flagellin

<div><p>Matrix 2 protein ectodomain (M2e) is considered a promising candidate for a broadly protective influenza vaccine. M2e-based vaccines against human influenza A provide only partial protection against avian influenza viruses because of differences in the M2e sequences. In this work, we evaluated the possibility of obtaining equal protection and immune response by using recombinant protein on the basis of flagellin as a carrier of the M2e peptides of human and avian influenza A viruses. Recombinant protein was generated by the fusion of two tandem copies of consensus M2e sequence from human influenza A and two copies of M2e from avian A/H5N1 viruses to flagellin (Flg-2M2eh2M2ek). Intranasal immunisation of Balb/c mice with recombinant protein significantly elicited anti-M2e IgG in serum, IgG and sIgA in BAL. Antibodies induced by the fusion protein Flg-2M2eh2M2ek bound efficiently to synthetic peptides corresponding to the human consensus M2e sequence as well as to the M2e sequence of A/Chicken/Kurgan/05/05 RG (H5N1) and recognised native M2e epitopes exposed on the surface of the MDCK cells infected with A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Chicken/Kurgan/05/05 RG (H5N1) to an equal degree. Immunisation led to both anti-M2e IgG1 and IgG2a response with IgG1 prevalence. We observed a significant intracellular production of IL-4, but not IFN-γ, by CD4+ T-cells in spleen of mice following immunisation with Flg-2M2eh2M2ek. Immunisation with the Flg-2M2eh2M2ek fusion protein provided similar protection from lethal challenge with human influenza A viruses (H1N1, H3N2) and avian influenza virus (H5N1). Immunised mice experienced significantly less weight loss and decreased lung viral titres compared to control mice. The data obtained show the potential for the development of an M2e-flagellin candidate influenza vaccine with broad spectrum protection against influenza A viruses of various origins.</p></div

Antigenicity and integrity of Flg-2M2eh2M2ek.

<p>(A) SDS-PAGE (EF) Coomassie brilliant blue staining and Western blotting (WB) analysis of Flg-2M2eh2M2ek (Flg4M2e) by anti-Flg mAb 93713 and anti-M2e mAb 14C2, immunostaining with HRP-conjugated second antibodies and TMB substrate. Positions of molecular weight markers (MM) are indicated. (B) Recombinant Flg-2M2eh2M2ek, Flg-HA2 and a synthetic 24 amino acid peptide corresponding to human M2e consensus were coated on ELISA plates and then probed with monoclonal antibody ab93713 specific for flagellin (B) or monoclonal antibody 14C2 specific for M2e (C). Protein integrity was measured in a sandwich ELISA (D). Recombinant proteins Flg-2M2eh2M2ek and Flg-HA2 were captured on plates coated with mAb 93713 specific for flagellin, and detected with mAb 14C2 specific for M2e.</p

M2e specific T-cell response in spleen.

<p>BALB/c mice (n = 3/group) were immunised i.n. with 50 μg of Flg-2M2eh2M2ek recombinant protein on days 0, 14, 28. Splenocytes were isolated from 3 mice of each group at day 14 post-second boost and assayed for a M2e-stimulated proliferation (A) and M2e specific CD4⁺ T cell response (B). Data are presented as the mean±SEM. The index of stimulation (IS) was calculated using the following equation: OD of M2e-treated cells/OD of untreated cells. Statistical significance was determined using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The P values between immunised and control groups are indicated. (C) M2e-specific CD4⁺ T-cell response was determined by intracellular IL-4 and IFN-γ staining. Data are represented as representative density plots.</p

Anti-M2e antibody response in BAL.

<p>BALB/c mice (n = 5/group) were immunised i.n. with 50 μg of Flg-2M2eh2M2ek recombinant protein on days 0, 14, 28. Mice of control group were administered with PBS. Two weeks post-second boost M2e-specific IgG (A) and sIgA (B) responses were evaluated by ELISA to M2eh and M2ek synthetic peptides. Horizontal bars indicate mean titres among 5 mice per group. Statistical significance was determined using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The P values between immunised and control groups are indicated.</p

Efficacy of Flg-2M2eh2M2ek immunisation.

<p>Groups of 10 Balb/c mice were immunised with fusion protein Flg-2M2eh2M2ek. Two weeks post-second boost mice were challenged with (A) 5LD₅₀ A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Body weight (left; P = 0.0156, Wilcoxon test) and survival rate (right; P = 0.0005, Montel-Cox test) were monitored daily during 14 days; (B) with 5LD₅₀ A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2). Body weight (left; P = 0.0313, Wilcoxon test) and survival rate (right; P<0.0001, Montel-Cox test) were monitored daily during 14 days; (C) with 5LD₅₀ A/Chicken/Kurgan/05/05 RG (H5N1). Body weight (left; P = 0.0156, Wilcoxon test) and survival rate (right; P = 0.0002, Montel-Cox test) were monitored daily during 14 days. The P values between immunised and control group are indicated.</p