Metropolis revisited: dialectic of enlightenment, modernity and architectural modernizm

Theodor Adorno ve Max Horkheimer, 'Aydınlanma'nın Diyalektiği: Felsefi Fragmanlar' (1947) adlı yapıtlarında, Aydınlanma projesinin yapısı gereği totaliter olduğunu ve mitolojiyi insan düşüncesinden kovmuş olmasına rağmen kendisinin mite gerilediğini öne sürmektedirler. Aydınlanma paradigmasının ürünü olan birer sanat dalı olarak erken 20. yüzyıl sineması ve mimarlık, Adorno ve Horkheimer'in bu savlarını doğrulamaktadırlar. Fritz Lang'in Metropolis (1927) adlı filmi; bir paradig- ma değişimi olarak Aydınlanma'nın, tarihsel bir dönem olarak Modernite'nin ve bu tarihsel döneme özgü bir üslup olarak Modern Mimari hareketin birbirleri ile ilişkilerinin çözümlenebilmesine olanak sağlayan çok katmanlı bir anlamsal yapı- ya sahiptir. Filmde Aydınlanma-mitoloji ile Modern Mimari-tarihsel içerik diyalektikleri paralel olarak işlenmiştir. Filmdeki, Metropolis'in makine estetiğine dayalı fütüristik ütopik mimarisi ile distopik tekno-totaliter toplumsal düzen arasındaki gerilim, gerçekte tarihsel üsluplardan yararlanmayı reddeden Modern Mimari hareketin ütopik karakteri ile mitoloji olarak tarihsel birikim arasındaki gerilimi yansıtmaktadır. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer asserted that the project of enlightenment which itself is already totalitarian ai- med to overthrow the myths from the human mind and to install human beings as masters reverted to mythology at the end, in their master work 'Dialectic of Enlightment: Philosophical Fragments' (1947). As artistic products of Enlightment Project, cinema and architecture of early twentieth century affirmed Adorno and Horkheimer's thesis. Fritz Lang's Metro- polis (1927)'s multi-layered messages enables us to comprehend the relationships between Enlightment as a paratigmatic change, Modernity as a historical period, Architectural Modernism as an artistic style which is a product of this paradigm and this historical period. In this film, dialectics of Enlightment/mitology and Architectural Modernism/historical content entwined. In reality, the tension between utopian futuristic architecture based on machine aesthetics of Metropolis and its distopian techno-totaliterian social order reflected the tension between utopian characteristic of Modern Avant-garde in architecture who rejects to use historical styles and historical content as mitology

Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial

Background: The EMPA KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. Methods: EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. Findings: Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5–2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62–0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16–1·59), representing a 50% (42–58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all >0·1). Interpretation: In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. Funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council

VII. L'arroche biblique et le Paterik

Krappe Alexander Haggerty. VII. L'arroche biblique et le Paterik. In: Revue des études slaves, tome 13, fascicule 3-4, 1933. pp. 244-245

Les sources du Libro de Exemplos

Haggerty Krappe Alexander. Les sources du Libro de Exemplos. In: Bulletin Hispanique, tome 39, n°1, 1937. pp. 5-54

La chute du paganisme à Kiev

Krappe Alexander Haggerty. La chute du paganisme à Kiev. In: Revue des études slaves, tome 17, fascicule 3-4, 1937. pp. 206-218

La vraie philosophie du Don Quijote

Haggerty Krappe Alexander. La vraie philosophie du Don Quijote. In: Bulletin Hispanique, tome 36, n°2, 1934. pp. 129-136

Une version noroise du prélude de Girard de Roussillon

Krappe Alexander Haggerty. Une version noroise du prélude de Girard de Roussillon. In: Romania, tome 54 n°214, 1928. pp. 266-271

Sur le conte "La corza blanca" de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

Haggerty Krappe Alexander. Sur le conte "La corza blanca" de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. In: Bulletin Hispanique, tome 42, n°3, 1940. pp. 237-240

La Cailleach Bheara. Notes de mythologie gaélique

Krappe Alexander Haggerty. La Cailleach Bheara. Notes de mythologie gaélique. In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 1, fascicule 2, 1936. pp. 292-302