Normative Grundlagen der Sozialpolitik: Solidarismus, Historische Schule und die politische Ökonomie des Wohlfahrtsstaates

"Zu den prägenden Diskursen in der normativen Begründung der Sozialpolitik gehören die im Kontext der katholischen Soziallehre angesiedelten Beiträge des Solidarismus, deren Gehalte im zeitgenössischen Kontext der sozialreformerischen Beiträge der Historischen Schule zu bewerten sind. Diese Einordnung des Solidarismus erlaubt eine ethisch fundierte Betrachtung der politischen Ökonomie des Wohlfahrtsstaats und seiner immanenten Entwicklungsdynamik vor dem Hintergrund des Konzepts der sozialen Marktwirtschaft." (Autorenreferat)"Recognising the interdenominational conflicts that have shaped the historical formation of the German welfare state, this paper examines the specific contributions of Catholic social thought, as outlined in the solidaristic approach of Heinrich Pesch SJ. The programmatic framework of Pesch's solidarism is explored in the context of the contemporary discourse on social policy that was promoted by the Historical School, in particular by Adolph Wagner, Gustav Schmoller and Werner Sombart. The leitmotif of that conceptual reconstruction is provided by the normative foundations of social policy in terms of an institutional regulation of socio-economic change. The ensuing comparative assessment is meant to contribute to an understanding of the intellectual history of the German welfare state." (author's abstract

Governance und Public Policy

Gegenstand dieser kumulativen Habilitationsschrift sind teils publizierte, teils zur Publikation vorgesehen Beiträge zur wirtschafts- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Theoriebildung im Bereich Governance und Public Policy. Die Beiträge befassen sich insgesamt mit theoretischen Grundfragen der Evolution von Staatlichkeit und den institutionellen Bedingungen der Steuerung politisch-ökonomischer Prozesse. Hierbei wird ein theoretisches Feld abgedeckt, dass von der ökonomischen Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik über die politikwissenschaftliche Theorie des Wohlfahrtsstaates bis hin zur politischen Ökonomie der europäischen Integration reicht. Gemeinsam ist all diesen theoretischen Perspektiven die Zugehörigkeit zum Diskussionszusammenhang des neuen Institutionalismus in den Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften. Er wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit vor allem hinsichtlich seiner Erklärungskraft für volkswirtschaftliche und politologische Fragestellungen zu Rate gezogen. Mit den Bezügen zur den Konzepten der Governance und der Public Policy lässt sich die Arbeit daher insgesamt als Beitrag zur aktuellen staats- und steuerungstheoretischen Debatte im ökonomischen und politikwissenschaftlichen Institutionalismus werten. Beide Bereiche sind dann als Pfeiler eines gemeinsamen staatswissenschaftlichen Paradigmas zu verstehen. Die Arbeit setzt sich aus zehn Einzeltexten zusammen. Sieben liegen in englischer Sprache vor, drei in deutscher Sprache. In der vorliegenden kumulativen Habilitationsschrift sind diese Einzelbeiträge systematisch in fünf Teilen mit jeweils zwei Kapiteln angeordnet

Informative sample generation using class aware generative adversarial networks for classification of chest Xrays

Training robust deep learning (DL) systems for disease detection from medical images is challenging due to limited images covering different disease types and severity. The problem is especially acute, where there is a severe class imbalance. We propose an active learning (AL) framework to select most informative samples for training our model using a Bayesian neural network. Informative samples are then used within a novel class aware generative adversarial network (CAGAN) to generate realistic chest xray images for data augmentation by transferring characteristics from one class label to another. Experiments show our proposed AL framework is able to achieve state-of-the-art performance by using about $35\%$ of the full dataset, thus saving significant time and effort over conventional methods

Governance in der Staatsschuldenkrise

Die Eurokrise hat tiefgreifende Veränderungen im Gefüge von Institutionen und Kompetenzen in der Europäischen Union angestoßen, dafür stehen der 'Fiskalpakt' und die 'excessive imbalance procedure'. Ein effi zientes Governance-System hat sich aber bisher nicht herausgebildet. Die einzelnen Politikbereiche sind zudem innerhalb der EU unterschiedlich stark integrierbar. Zwischen Bereichen, in denen Zentralisierungstendenzen wünschenswert sind und solchen, in denen das Subsidiaritätsprinzip angemessen ist, muss klar unterschieden werden. Bei der Krisenbewältigung müssen demokratische Prinzipien dringend stärker beachtet werden

Improving Motor Activity Assessment in Depression: Which Sensor Placement, Analytic Strategy and Diurnal Time Frame Are Most Powerful in Distinguishing Patients from Controls and Monitoring Treatment Effects

Background Abnormalities in motor activity represent a central feature in major depressive disorder. However, measurement issues are poorly understood, limiting the use of objective measurement of motor activity for diagnostics and treatment monitoring. Methods To improve measurement issues, especially sensor placement, analytic strategies and diurnal effects, we assessed motor activity in depressed patients at the beginning (MD; n=27) and after anti-depressive treatment (MD-post; n=18) as well as in healthy controls (HC; n=16) using wrist- and chest-worn accelerometers. We performed multiple analyses regarding sensor placements, extracted features, diurnal variation, motion patterns and posture to clarify which parameters are most powerful in distinguishing patients from controls and monitoring treatment effects. Results Whereas most feature-placement combinations revealed significant differences between groups, acceleration (wrist) distinguished MD from HC (d=1.39) best. Frequency (vertical axis chest) additionally differentiated groups in a logistic regression model (R2=0.54). Accordingly, both amplitude (d=1.16) and frequency (d=1.04) showed alterations, indicating reduced and decelerated motor activity. Differences between MD and HC in gestures (d=0.97) and walking (d=1.53) were found by data analysis from the wrist sensor. Comparison of motor activity at the beginning and after MD-treatment largely confirms our findings. Limitations Sample size was small, but sufficient for the given effect sizes. Comparison of depressed in-patients with non-hospitalized controls might have limited motor activity differences between groups. Conclusions Measurement of wrist-acceleration can be recommended as a basic technique to capture motor activity in depressed patients as it records whole body movement and gestures. Detailed analyses showed differences in amplitude and frequency denoting that depressed patients walked less and slower

Metastandard für den internationalen Austausch von MOOCs – der MOOChub als erster Prototyp

Der MOOChub ist eine Webseite, die weit über 700 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum von insgesamt neun unterschiedlichen Partner:innen listet. Damit eine solche Seite automatisiert aufgebaut werden kann, ist es notwendig, dass alle Partner:innen die Metadaten der Kurse in gleicher Weise beschreiben und verfügbar machen. Dieser Artikel beschreibt zunächst die Entstehung der Idee eines gemeinsamen Standards und wie dieser im Anschluss entwickelt worden ist. Das Ergebnis ist einerseits ein offen lizenzierter Quasi-Standard, der sich an üblichen Standards orientiert, und ein erster Prototyp, der sogenannte MOOChub, auf dem nun alle Kurse auffindbar und durchsuchbar sind. Abschließend wird über die nächsten möglichen und auch notwendigen Entwicklungen berichtet, die die Schnittstelle weiter optimieren sollen

Assessment of 24-hour physical behaviour in children and adolescents via wearables: a systematic review of free-living validation studies

Objectives: Studies that assess all three dimensions of the integrative 24-hour physical behaviour (PB) construct, namely, intensity, posture/activity type and biological state, are on the rise. However, reviews on validation studies that cover intensity, posture/activity type and biological state assessed via wearables are missing. Design: Systematic review. The risk of bias was evaluated by using the QUADAS-2 tool with nine signalling questions separated into four domains (ie, patient selection/study design, index measure, criterion measure, flow and time). Data sources: Peer-reviewed validation studies from electronic databases as well as backward and forward citation searches (1970–July 2021). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Wearable validation studies with children and adolescents (age <18 years). Required indicators: (1) study protocol must include real-life conditions; (2) validated device outcome must belong to one dimension of the 24-hour PB construct; (3) the study protocol must include a criterion measure; (4) study results must be published in peer-reviewed English language journals. Results: Out of 13 285 unique search results, 76 articles with 51 different wearables were included and reviewed. Most studies (68.4%) validated an intensity measure outcome such as energy expenditure, but only 15.9% of studies validated biological state outcomes, while 15.8% of studies validated posture/activity type outcomes. We identified six wearables that had been used to validate outcomes from two different dimensions and only two wearables (ie, ActiGraph GT1M and ActiGraph GT3X+) that validated outcomes from all three dimensions. The percentage of studies meeting a given quality criterion ranged from 44.7% to 92.1%. Only 18 studies were classified as ‘low risk’ or ‘some concerns’. Summary: Validation studies on biological state and posture/activity outcomes are rare in children and adolescents. Most studies did not meet published quality principles. Standardised protocols embedded in a validation framework are needed

Assessment of 24-hour physical behaviour in children and adolescents via wearables: a systematic review of free-living validation studies.

Objectives Studies that assess all three dimensions of the integrative 24-hour physical behaviour (PB) construct, namely, intensity, posture/activity type and biological state, are on the rise. However, reviews on validation studies that cover intensity, posture/activity type and biological state assessed via wearables are missing. Design Systematic review. The risk of bias was evaluated by using the QUADAS-2 tool with nine signalling questions separated into four domains (ie, patient selection/study design, index measure, criterion measure, flow and time). Data sources Peer-reviewed validation studies from electronic databases as well as backward and forward citation searches (1970-July 2021). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Wearable validation studies with children and adolescents (age <18 years). Required indicators: (1) study protocol must include real-life conditions; (2) validated device outcome must belong to one dimension of the 24-hour PB construct; (3) the study protocol must include a criterion measure; (4) study results must be published in peer-reviewed English language journals. Results Out of 13 285 unique search results, 76 articles with 51 different wearables were included and reviewed. Most studies (68.4%) validated an intensity measure outcome such as energy expenditure, but only 15.9% of studies validated biological state outcomes, while 15.8% of studies validated posture/activity type outcomes. We identified six wearables that had been used to validate outcomes from two different dimensions and only two wearables (ie, ActiGraph GT1M and ActiGraph GT3X+) that validated outcomes from all three dimensions. The percentage of studies meeting a given quality criterion ranged from 44.7% to 92.1%. Only 18 studies were classified as 'low risk' or 'some concerns'. Summary Validation studies on biological state and posture/activity outcomes are rare in children and adolescents. Most studies did not meet published quality principles. Standardised protocols embedded in a validation framework are needed. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021230894

Initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic on real-life well-being, social contact and roaming behavior in patients with schizophrenia, major depression and healthy controls: A longitudinal ecological momentary assessment study

The COVID-19 pandemic strongly impacted people\u27s daily lives. However, it remains unknown how the pandemic situation affects daily-life experiences of individuals with preexisting severe mental illnesses (SMI). In this real-life longitudinal study, the acute onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany did not cause the already low everyday well-being of patients with schizophrenia (SZ) or major depression (MDD) to decrease further. On the contrary, healthy participants’ well-being, anxiety, social isolation, and mobility worsened, especially in healthy individuals at risk for mental disorder, but remained above the levels seen in patients. Despite being stressful for healthy individuals at risk for mental disorder, the COVID-19 pandemic had little additional influence on daily-life well-being in psychiatric patients with SMI. This highlights the need for preventive action and targeted support of this vulnerable population