8 research outputs found
Improved Constraints on the Preferential Heating and Acceleration of Oxygen Ions in the Extended Solar Corona
We present a detailed analysis of oxygen ion velocity distributions in the
extended solar corona, based on observations made with the Ultraviolet
Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on the SOHO spacecraft. Polar coronal holes at
solar minimum are known to exhibit broad line widths and unusual intensity
ratios of the O VI 1032, 1037 emission line doublet. The traditional
interpretation of these features has been that oxygen ions have a strong
temperature anisotropy, with the temperature perpendicular to the magnetic
field being much larger than the temperature parallel to the field. However,
recent work by Raouafi and Solanki suggested that it may be possible to model
the observations using an isotropic velocity distribution. In this paper we
analyze an expanded data set to show that the original interpretation of an
anisotropic distribution is the only one that is fully consistent with the
observations. It is necessary to search the full range of ion plasma parameters
to determine the values with the highest probability of agreement with the UVCS
data. The derived ion outflow speeds and perpendicular kinetic temperatures are
consistent with earlier results, and there continues to be strong evidence for
preferential ion heating and acceleration with respect to hydrogen. At
heliocentric heights above 2.1 solar radii, every UVCS data point is more
consistent with an anisotropic distribution than with an isotropic
distribution. At heights above 3 solar radii, the exact probability of isotropy
depends on the electron density chosen to simulate the line-of-sight
distribution of O VI emissivity. (abridged abstract)Comment: 19 pages (emulateapj style), 13 figures, ApJ, in press (v. 679; May
20, 2008
Π’ΠΠ₯ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ« ΠΠΠΠ£Π§ΠΠΠΠ― Π£ΠΠ‘Π£Π‘Π ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ
This article is devoted to the development of technological regimes for the rational use of beer dialysates formed in the production of non-alcoholic beer. One of the effective ways to use it, is the production of vinegar. The article presents data on the study of volatile components, organic acids and amino acids of initial beer dialysates with a volume fraction of ethyl alcohol of 0.6 % and brewing dialysates concentrated to a volume fraction of ethyl alcohol of 5.0 % and 8.0 %. The data of the study of volatile components, organic acids and amino acids of vinegar obtained as a result of biochemical oxidation of concentrated brewing dialysates with acetic acid bacteria are presented. The oxidation process was carried out by a periodic deep-seated method. Influence of aeration regimes and initial concentration of acetic acid on the functional activity of acetic acid bacteria in obtaining vinegar from beer dialysates is shown. Recommended technological regimes for obtaining vinegar in a periodic deep method from beer dialysates.ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π±Π΅Π·Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΒ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° 0,6% ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° 5,0% ΠΈΒ 8,0%. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΒ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ². Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ²
Features of Galvanostatic Electrodeposition of NiFe Films with Composition Gradient: Influence of Substrate Characteristics
NiFe films with a composition gradient are of particular interest from the point of view of fundamental science and practical applications. Such gradient magnetic structures may exhibit unique functional properties useful for sensory applications and beyond. The issue surrounds the anomaly concerning the compositional gradient formed near the substrate in electrolytically deposited binary and ternary iron-containing alloys, which has not previously been clearly explained. In this work, light is shed on this issue, and a clear relationship is found between the structure and surface properties of the substrate, the initially formed NiFe layers and the film composition gradient
Effects of conventional and hydrogen sulfide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rats with stress-induced and epinephrine-induced gastric damage
Ion Composition of the Earthβs Radiation Belts in the Range from 100 keV to 100 MeV / nucleon 100\mbox{ MeV}/\mbox{nucleon} : Fifty Years of Research
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field