Development of a CCI architecture to control an aggregated UVAM on an experimental benchmark network

openI recenti cambiamenti climatici hanno portato in quasi tutto il mondo al processo di decarbonizzazione del sistema energetico, con una conseguente espansione degli impianti di produzione di energia elettrica a fonte rinnovabile, specialmente di tipo non programmabile, a discapito delle grosse centrali termoelettriche la cui fonte è programmabile. Questa tipologia di cambiamento radicale porta a una difficoltà sempre maggiore di garantire istante per istante l’energia richiesta dai consumatori in tutti i nodi della rete e per questo è seguita da una riforma del mercato elettrico in particolare del mercato del dispacciamento, al fine di evitare disservizi sulle reti elettriche. In Italia, ARERA sta emanando nuove delibere già da diversi anni, per aprire il mercato a nuovi soggetti abilitati e integrare nuove risorse per dispacciamento attraverso alcuni progetti pilota. Nascono in questo contesto le UVAM, un insieme di unità di produzione e/o unità di consumo che forniscono riserve di potenza in maniera aggregata a un nodo della rete, diventando rilevanti ai fini del dispacciamento e partecipando così al mercato dei servizi dell’energia. In questo elaborato si presenta un possibile metodo di gestione delle UVAM da parte dell’aggregatore e viene sviluppato il controllo interno del CCI per comandare i generatori sulla rete. Vengono dunque simulati su DIgSILENT PowerFactory tutti i possibili scenari in una rete di media tensione di benchmark, verificando le consistenze di tutte le funzionalità del controllo sviluppato. In questo lavoro di tesi si è affrontato lo studio della stabilità di una rete di benchmark Europea proposta dalla Cigre in DigSILENT PowerFactory, implementando la generazione distribuita e i sistemi di accumulo attraverso convertitori statici. Si è quindi adattato il sistema di controllo secondo la più recente normativa sul CCI, anche per unità di produzione non rilevanti. Quindi, sono state effettuate delle simulazioni per la validazione del modello e la verifica del funzionamento del sistema di controllo nei limiti richiesti dalla normativa CEI 0-16

Selective Reagent Ion-Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometric Investigations of the Intravenous Anaesthetic Propofol and Its Major Metabolite 2,6-Diisopropyl-1,4-benzoquinone

The first detailed selected reagent ion-time-of-flight-mass spectrometric fundamental investigations of 2,6-diisopropylphenol, more commonly known as propofol (C12H18O), and its metabolite 2,6-diisopropyl-1,4-benzoquinone (C12H16O2) using the reagent ions H3O+, H3O+.H2O, O2+• and NO+ are reported. Protonated propofol is the dominant product ion resulting from the reaction of H3O+ with propofol up to a reduced electric field strength (E/N) of about 170 Td. After 170 Td, collision-induced dissociation leads to protonated 2-(1-methylethyl)-phenol (C9H13O+), resulting from the elimination of C3H6 from protonated propofol. A sequential loss of C3H6 from C9H13O+ also through collision-induced processes leads to protonated phenol (C6H7O+), which becomes the dominant ionic species at E/N values exceeding 170 Td. H3O+.H2O does not react with propofol via a proton transfer process. This is in agreement with our calculated proton affinity of propofol being 770 kJ mol−1. Both O2+• and NO+ react with propofol via a charge transfer process leading to two product ions, C12H18O+ (resulting from non-dissociative charge transfer) and C11H15O+ that results from the elimination of one of the methyl groups from C12H18O+. This dissociative pathway is more pronounced for O2+• than for NO+ throughout the E/N range investigated (approximately 60–210 Td), which reflects the higher recombination energy of O2+• (12.07 eV) compared to that of NO+ (9.3 eV), and hence the higher internal energy deposited into the singly charged propofol. Of the four reagent ions investigated, only H3O+ and H3O+.H2O react with 2,6-diisopropyl-1,4-benzoquinone, resulting in only the protonated parent at all E/N values investigated. The fundamental ion-molecule studies reported here provide underpinning information that is of use for the development of soft chemical ionisation mass spectrometric analytical techniques to monitor propofol and its major metabolite in the breath. The detection of propofol in breath has potential applications for determining propofol blood concentrations during surgery and for elucidating metabolic processes in real time

Alcohol and pregnancy

Alcohol exerts teratogenic effects in all the gestation times, with peculiar features in relationship to the trimester of pregnancy in which alcohol is assumed. Alcohol itself and its metabolites modify DNA synthesis, cellular division, cellular migration and the fetal development. The characteristic facies of feto-alcoholic syndrome (FAS)-affected baby depends on the alcohol impact on skull facial development during the first trimester of pregnancy. In association there are cerebral damages with a strong defect of brain development up to the life incompatibility. Serious consequences on fetal health also depends on dangerous effects of alcohol exposure in the organogenesis of the heart, the bone, the kidney, sensorial organs, et al. It has been demonstrated that maternal binge drinking is a high factor risk of mental retardation and of delinquent behaviour. Unfortunately, a lower alcohol intake also exerts deleterious effects on fetal health. In several countries of the world there is a high alcohol use, and this habit is increased in the women. Therefore, correct information has to be given to avoid alcohol use by women in the preconceptional time and during the pregnancy. Preliminary results of a study performed by the authors show that over 80% of pregnant and puerperal women are not unaware that more than 2 glasses of alcohol/week ingested during pregnancy can create neurological abnormalities in the fetus. However, after the information provided on alcoholic fetopathy, all women are conscious of the damage caused by the use of alcohol to the fetus during pregnancy. This study confirms the need to provide detailed information on the negative effects of alcohol on fetal health.   Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Neonatology · Cagliari (Italy) · October 23rd-26th, 2013 · Learned lessons, changing practice and cutting-edge researc

Alcohol and pregnancy

Alcohol exerts teratogenic effects in all the gestation times, with peculiar features in relationship to the trimester of pregnancy in which alcohol is assumed. Alcohol itself and its metabolites modify DNA synthesis, cellular division, cellular migration and the fetal development. The characteristic facies of FAS-affected baby depends on the alcohol impact on skull facial development during the first trimester of pregnancy. In association there are cerebral damages with a strong defect of brain development up to the life incompatibility. Serious consequences on fetal health also depends on dangerous effects of alcohol exposure in the organogenesis of the heart, the bone, the kidney, sensorial organs, et al. It has been demonstrated that maternal binge drinking is an high factor risk of mental retardation and of delinquent behaviour. Unfortunately, a lower alcohol intake also exerts deleterious effects on fetal health. In several countries of the world there are an high alcohol use, and this habit is increased in the women. Therefore, correct information has to be given to avoid alcohol use by women in the preconceptional time and during the pregnancy. Preliminary results of a study performed by the authors show that over 80% of pregnant and puerperal women are not unaware that more than 2 glasses of alcohol/week ingested during pregnancy can create neurological abnormalities in the fetus. However, after the information provided on alcoholic fetopathy, all women are conscious of the damage caused by the use of alcohol to the fetus during pregnancy. This study confirms the need to provide detailed information on the negative effects of alcohol on fetal health

Repeated two cycles of ulipristal acetate treatment improve the quality of life in premenopausal women with heavy menstrual bleeding dependent on uterine myomas, without impairment of bone health

This observational study was conducted in premenopausal women who presented themselves at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the University Hospital of Cagliari (Italy), for heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) dependent on uterine myomas. After a screening visit, 19 women without contraindications to ulipristal acetate (UPA) treatment, were included in the study that envisaged 12months of observation in which each subject was asked to assume UPA (tablet of 5mg, ESMYA((R)), one tablet a day for 3months: first cycle) two menstrual cycles of interruption and a second ESMYA((R)) cycle, followed by 3months of observation (third follow-up month, visit 4). The significant decrease of myoma volume, diagnosed after the first ESMYA((R)) cycle, persisted until the visit 4. The HMB significantly decreased during the ESMYA((R)) treatment and persisted until visit 4. The quality of life (QoL), evaluated with the questionnaire SF-36, significantly improved during the study. The values of estradiol (E2), biochemical parameters of bone metabolism, as well as those of lumbar and hip bone mineral density, did not change during the study in comparison with basal levels. The efficacy of two repeated ESMYA((R)) cycles to treat uterine myomas and their related symptoms improves the QoL without interfering with bone health