Pseudocereals and teff in complex breadmaking matrices: Impact on lipid dynamics

The use of pseudocereals and ancient grains for breadmaking applications is receiving particular attention since they involve nutrient dense grains with proven health-promoting attributes. Dilution up to 20% of the basic rye/wheat flour blend by accumulative addition of amaranth, buckwheat, quinoa and teff flours (5% single flour) did positively impact either some dough visco-metric and visco-elastic features, or some techno-functional and nutritional characteristics of mixed bread matrices, and induced concomitant dynamics in lipid binding over mixing and baking steps. A preferential lipid binding to the gluten/non gluten proteins and to the outside part of the starch granules takes place during mixing, in such a way that the higher the accumulation of bound lipids during mixing, the higher the bioaccessible polyphenol content in blended breads. During baking, lipids bind to the gluten/non gluten proteins at the expenses of both a free lipid displacement and a lipid migration from the inside part of the starch granules to the protein active sites. It was observed that the higher the decrease of free lipid content during baking, the higher the pasting temperature and the lower the total setback on cooling and the dynamic moduli, but the higher the specific volume in blended breads.Financial support of the Spanish institutions Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Project AGL2011-22669).Peer reviewe

Nutritional and functional performance of high β-glucan barley flours in breadmaking: mixed breads versus wheat breads

The ability of high β-glucan barley (HBGB) flour versus regular commercial barley (CB) to make highly nutritious wheat (WT) blended breads meeting functional and sensory standards has been investigated. Mixed breads obtained by 40 % replacement of WT flour by HBGB flours are more nutritious than those replaced by CB flours and much more than regular WT flour breads in terms of elevated levels of dietary fibre fractions (soluble, insoluble, resistant starch and β-glucans), slowly digestible starch subfraction and bioaccessible polyphenols providing higher antiradical activity. WT/CB and WT/HBGB breads can be, respectively, labelled as source of fibre (3 g DF/100 g food) and high-fibre breads (6 g DF/100 g food), according to Nutritional Claims for dietary fibre foods. The consumption of 100 g of WT/HBGB can meet up to almost 50 % the required dietary fibre, providing a β-glucan intake high enough to meet the requirements of the EFSA health claim (3 g/day), contributing a reduced blood cholesterol level. The techno-functional performance of fresh blended breads and the sensory appreciation were in general preserved or even improved.The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish institutions Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Project AGL2011-22669).Peer reviewe

Valutazione delle caratteristiche fisiche e strutturali di un prodotto da forno durante la conservazione (Spianata di Ozieri)

The aim of this research was the characterization by physical and structural properties, a typical bakery product (Spianata di Ozieri). The samples of two differents kind of spianata were submitted to dynamometric analysis (texture profile analysis - TPA, cut and tension test), color measurement and microbiological tests over 14 days of storage time at 22°C. Three samplings were conducted in different periods of the year to test the seasonality of the production. A collaborative test was carried out at the DISAABA (Sassari University) and in the laboratories of Food Science & Technology (Bologna University). The most important results obtained in this research confirm effectivement that this kind of product is really typical and so the data variability obtained is quite normal. The microciological tests showed a good quality of the product during the normal storage time. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è stato quello di effettuare una prima caratterizzazione fisica e strutturale di un prodotto da forno tipico sardo, la spianata di Ozieri. In particolare, sono state studiate le variazioni di alcune caratteristiche strutturali dinamometriche, fisiche e chimico-fisiche e l'evoluzione della carica microbica durante la conservazione, a temperatura controllata di 22°C circa, di due diversi campioni commerciali di spianata sarda, realizzati artigianalmente e confezionati con metodologie diverse: uno in atmosfera ordinaria e destinato al mercato locale e l'altro confezionato in atmosfera protettiva (40% anidride carbonica, 60% azoto) e destinato alla grande distribuziooe. Sono stati effettuati tre campionamenti nei mesi di luglio, novembre e gennaio, per valutare eventuali differenze dovute alia stagionalità di produzione. Le prove sono state condotte in collaborazione tra i laboratori del Disaaba dell'Università di Sassari e del Corso di Laurea in Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari di Cesena, Università di Bologna. Sono stati analizzati i campioni delle due differenti produzioni e dei tre diversi campionamenti stagionali, valutando le modificazioni delle caratteristiche fisiche in conservazione, mentre l'evoluzione della carica microbica è stata valutata sulla campionatura di gennaio. Si riporteranno di seguito, i risultati ottenuti durante il periodo di osservazione, della durata di 14 giorni per campioni confezionati in atmosfera ordinaria e di 27 giomi per quelli condizionati in atmosfera protettiva

High-Legume Wheat-Based Matrices: Impact of High Pressure on Starch Hydrolysis and Firming Kinetics of Composite Breads

The significance of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing on the physico-chemical—techno-functional and firming kinetics—parameters and nutritional properties—nutritional composition and “in vitro” starch digestibility—of highly replaced wheat flour breads by chickpea, pea and soybean flours was investigated, and the power/effectiveness of HHP in partially replacing structural agents (gluten and/or hydrocolloids) was discussed. Incorporation of pressured legume slurries (350 MPa, 10 min) at 42% of wheat replacement into bread formulation provoked a general increase in initial crumb hardness and browning of the crust with a concomitant explicit reduction of moisture, whiteness of the crumb and bread specific volume, but a slower in vitro starch digestibility with prominent formation of slowly digestible starch and resistant starch, compared to their counterparts prepared by using a conventional gluten/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-added breadmaking recipe/process. Pressured breads with no gluten but 3% CMC in the formulation kept higher sensory ratings, softer initial texture and lower firming profiles on ageing than pressured breads with no gluten nor CMC. HHP has proven to be an effective technology to partially replace structuring agents (CMC and/or gluten) in high-legume wheat-based matrices providing sensorially acceptable breads with medium physico-chemical quality profile but enhanced formation of nutritionally relevant starch fractions and slower crumb firming kinetics on ageing.Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (MINECO/FEDER Project AGL2015-63849-C2-1-R).Peer reviewe

Impact of sourdough, yeast and gluten on small and large deformation rheological profiles of durum wheat bread doughs

The impact of percentage of sourdough (SD) addition and presence of yeast (Y) and/or commercial wheat gluten (G) -added singly and in binary combination- on both small and large deformation rheological performance and viscometric profile of durum wheat bread doughs was considered. Eight distinctive rheological dough features were identified as able/capable to clearly differentiate soured bread doughs made with semolina:remilled semolina rate of 80:20 into defined functional quality groups. The presence of added commercial wheat gluten provided firmer, more elastic and more extensible doughs with slightly lower viscometric profile. Simultaneous presence of yeast/sourdough and yeast/gluten modulate single effects of sourdough on the durum wheat bread dough mechanical properties. Several relationships were found between fundamental and empirical rheological properties and within viscometric features of soured semolina doughs

Proposal of a packet access scheme to integrate isochronous and data bursty traffics in low earth orbit - mobile satellite systems

A novel Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, named Dynamic Resource Assignment Multiple Access enhanced version (DRAMA+), is proposed in this paper for Low Earth Orbit - Mobile Satellite Systems (LEO-MSSs). It is based on a Time Division Multiple Access air interface and utilizes access slots distinct from information slots. The DRAMA+ scheme realizes an efficient access phase and manages transmission requests with an on board scheduler. On the basis of suitable models for both isochronous voice sources with activity detection and data bursty sources, we have shown that DRAMA+ outperforms other protocols in the literature

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF PASTA EXTRUSION PROCESS: RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEMOLINA DOUGH

Rheological measurements were conducted on semolina doughs. Two doughs were considered, one directly taken from an extrusion plant and another mixed in lab conditions. A rotational viscometer was used in the plate-plate configuration. Creep tests were carried on too, to verify the possibility to neglect the elastic component of strain. It was investigated the influence of the temperature on the viscous behaviour of both doughs, while only on the lab mixed dough was tested the influence of moisture content. The aim of this research is the determination of a rheological model useful for a subsequent CFD analysis of the extrusion process