Auditory evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of auditory and neurotological disorders in multiple sclerosis (MS). Twenty female and 9 male with a definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis without signs of involvement of the brain stem underwent an audiological and an early auditory evoked potentials (EAEP). The wave forms were classified according to Jerger's (1986) classification. In 58 EAEP it was found 55% of type I (normal response) according to Jerger's classification in both sexes. Considering as an abnormal response the EAEP classified in type II, III, IV or V according to Jerger in at least one side, it was found 60% of abnormalities in females and 56% in males, totalizing 58,62% of all the studied subjects. The authors emphasize the use of EAEP in MS.O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a incidência de alterações auditivas e dos potenciais evocados auditivos do tronco encefálico (PEATE) em indivíduos portadores de esclerose múltipla (EM). Participaram do estudo 20 indivíduos do sexo feminino e 9 do masculino com diagnóstico definido de EM, sem sinais clínicos ou de alterações à ressonância nuclear magnética de acometimento do tronco encefálico. Testes audiométricos e a pesquisa dos PEATE foram realizados em todos os indivíduos.Utilizou-se da classificação dos PEATE proposta por Jerger (1986) na análise da morfologia das ondas nos portadores de EM. Dos 58 PEATE realizados encontrou-se 55% classificados como tipo I (resposta normal ) na classificação de Jerger em ambos os sexos. Considerando-se como alterados as avaliações com PEATE dos indivíduos portadores de EM que apresentaram os demais tipos: II, III, IV ou V da classificação de Jerger em pelo menos um dos lados, encontrou-se 60% de alterações no sexo feminino e 56% no masculino, totalizando 58,62%. Estes achados enfatizam a relevância do estudo dos PEATE em casos de suspeita clínica de doenças desmielinizantes e naqueles com diagnóstico definido de EM.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Departamento de NeurologiaUNIFESP-EPMUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Departamento de OftalmologiaUNIFESP-EPM Disciplina de OtoneurologiaUNIFESP-EPM Distúrbios da Comunicação HumanaUNIFESP, EPM, Disciplina de OtoneurologiaUNIFESP, EPM Distúrbios da Comunicação HumanaSciEL

The Omicron Lineages BA.1 and BA.2 (<i>Betacoronavirus</i> SARS-CoV-2) Have Repeatedly Entered Brazil through a Single Dispersal Hub

Brazil currently ranks second in absolute deaths by COVID-19, even though most of its population has completed the vaccination protocol. With the introduction of Omicron in late 2021, the number of COVID-19 cases soared once again in the country. We investigated in this work how lineages BA.1 and BA.2 entered and spread in the country by sequencing 2173 new SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected between October 2021 and April 2022 and analyzing them in addition to more than 18,000 publicly available sequences with phylodynamic methods. We registered that Omicron was present in Brazil as early as 16 November 2021 and by January 2022 was already more than 99% of samples. More importantly, we detected that Omicron has been mostly imported through the state of São Paulo, which in turn dispersed the lineages to other states and regions of Brazil. This knowledge can be used to implement more efficient non-pharmaceutical interventions against the introduction of new SARS-CoV variants focused on surveillance of airports and ground transportation