Study of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Its Application to Biodiesel Production via Hydroesterification

The process of biodiesel production by the hydroesterification route that is proposed here involves a first step consisting of triacylglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL 100L) to generate free fatty acids (FFAs). This step is followed by esterification of the FFAs with alcohol, catalyzed by niobic acid in pellets or without a catalyst. The best result for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was obtained under reaction conditions of 50% (v/v) soybean oil and 2.3% (v/v) lipase (25 U/mL of reaction medium) in distilled water and at 60°C; an 89% conversion rate to FFAs was obtained after 48 hours of reaction. For the esterification reaction, the best result was with an FFA/methanol molar ratio of 1:3, niobic acid catalyst at a concentration of 20% (w/w FFA), and 200°C, which yielded 92% conversion of FFAs to soy methyl esters after 1 hour of reaction. This study is exceptional because both the hydrolysis and the esterification use a simple reaction medium with high substrate concentrations

Blood or serum collected on filter paper for detection of antibodies to bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1)

Background: The method of collection as well as the packaging conditions in which samples are submitted to laboratories play a critical role on the acquisition of reliable results on diagnostic tests. Alternative methods however have been proposed, as the adsorption of blood or serum in filter paper. In this work, it was evaluated the viability of using serum or whole blood samples from bovines collected in filter paper for serological testing against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1). Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and seven whole blood and serum samples were collected by standard methods. Serum neutralization test was used as a golden standard method for evaluation of the serum samples. The same samples of both whole blood and sera were also adsorbed on filter paper strips for further comparisons. Optimal conditions for serum and blood elution from filter paper were determined. Adsorbed samples on filter paper disks were eluted in PBS and subsequently diluted further with PBS 5% skimmed milk. The eluates were tested for antibodies to BoHV-1 in an indirect ELISA (iELISA) and matched with the results obtained by serum neutralization of standard serum samples. Comparison between results obtained by serum neutralization of standard serum samples and the ones from the iELISA of serum eluted from paper disks resulted in sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 95, 94, 80, 99%, respectively, and a correlation coefficient (κ) of 0.83. Comparison between the results of serum neutralization of standard serum samples and the ones from the iELISA of blood eluted from paper disks resulted in sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 91, 97, 87, 98% , respectively, and a correlation coefficient (κ) of 0.86. Standard serum samples were also tested in the iELISA and the results compared with those of iELISA from samples eluted from filter paper. Comparison of the results from iELISA between serum samples and serum eluted from filter paper resulted in sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 91, 81, 69, 95%, respectively, and a correlation coefficient (κ) of 0.66. The comparison of iELISA results between standard serum and blood samples eluted from filter paper resulted, in sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 78, 92, 82, 89%, respectively, and a correlation coefficient (κ) of 0.70. Fifty samples collected on filter paper were retested eight months later in order to determine whether those would retain its viability; both sensitivity and specificity remained unaltered. Discussion: Sampling on filter paper has been successfully described for antibody detection in a number of diseases such as Aujeszky’s disease virus and Newcastle disease virus. In this work, it has been demonstrated that both blood and sera collected in filter paper can be used for submission of samples aiming detection of antibodies to BoHV-1 in an iELISA, without significant loss of sensitivity and specificity. Submission of samples on filter paper is a practical and economical alternative as no special conditions are required for storaging and transporting. This method also enables the collection of samples from distant places assuring its quality for serological test

Análise da patogenicidade em coelhos de uma amostra de herpesvirus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5) com deleções dos genes GE, GI e US9

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Caracterização antigênica e molecular de amostras de herpesvírus bovino

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Vacinação com herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1) não protege coelhos contra encefalites por BHV-5

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Vaccinology and pathogenicity of recombinants strains of the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1)

O herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) é um dos principais agentes causadores de prejuízos econômicos em criações de bovinos. A vacinação tem sido amplamente utilizada para minimizar as perdas causadas por infecções pelo BoHV-1. Dentre as vacinas disponíveis, as vacinas desenvolvidas a partir de amostras virais recombinantes apresentam a vantagem de permitirem a diferenciação entre animais infectados e imunizados. Anteriormente, foi desenvolvida uma vacina recombinante diferencial com uma amostra de BoHV-1 brasileira baseada na deleção do gene que codifica a glicoproteína E (gE). No primeiro capítulo do presente trabalho, a segurança e imunogenicidade desta vacina recombinante inativada foi avaliada. Os experimentos de imunização, desafio e reativação da vacina diferencial em animais experimentalmente inoculados demonstraram que a vacina recombinante foi segura e eficiente ao minimizar ou mesmo prevenir os efeitos da infecção pelo BoHV-1. No segundo capítulo, a segurança da vacina gE- foi avaliada, através da imunização intramuscular (IM) de 22 vacas (14 BoHV-1 soronegativas e 8 soropositivas) prenhes. Foi observada soroconverão, mas não abortos e nem anormalidades fetais nos animais imunizados. Na segunda parte do mesmo estudo foi analizada a capacidade do vírus recombinante difundir-se em um rebanho bovino. Quatro terneiros foram inoculados pela rota intranasal (IN) com a amostra recombinante gE- e, posteriormente, adicionados a outros 16 animais com mesma idade e semelhante condição corporal durante 180 dias. Todos os animais foram monitorados diariamente em busca de sintomatologia clínica. Foi observada soroconversão apenas nos animais imunizados. Estes resultados indicam que, nas condições deste estudo, a amostra recombinante não causou nenhum dano nas vacas prenhes ou em seus terneiros e não foi capaz de difundir-se horizontalmente no rebanho. No terceiro capítulo foi avaliada a patogenicidade de uma amostra recombinante de BoHV-1 com deleção no gene Us9, utilizando coelhos como modelo experimental. Coelhos com quatro semanas de idade foram divididos em quatro grupos (A, B, C, D). Dois grupos (A e B) foram infectados via intranasal (IN) e dois (C e D) infectados via intraocular (IO). Em cada via de infecção, um grupo foi infectado com o vírus recombinante e o outro com o vírus selvagem (wt). Após a infecção IO, todos os animais, de ambos os grupos, desenvolveram intensa conjuntivite entre os dias 3 a 10 pós-inoculação (pi). Vírus infeccioso foi consistentemente isolado a partir dos suabes oculares entre os dias 1 a 10 pi chegando a um título máximo de 103,05 TCID50/mL. Nos grupos infectados pela via IN com BoHV-1 wt, 4/4 coelhos apresentaram sintomatologia característica da doença, tais como: pirexia, apatia, anorexia, tosse, secreção nasal severa (entre os dias 2 e 8 pi). Animais inoculados com o recombinante apresentaram apatia, anorexia e descarga nasal (entre os dias 3 e 7 pi). Vírus infeccioso foi isolado em diversos tecidos tanto nos animais inoculados com o vírus wt como recombinante. Ambos os vírus foram capazes de replicar nas mucosas. Análises histológicas dos tecidos dos animais demonstraram lesões em ambos os grupos. Este estudo apresentou que a proteína Us9 não tem um papel significante na patogenicidade in vivo.Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is an the major cause of losses in cattle. Vaccination has been widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections. Vacines developed from recombinant strains have the advantage of allow the differentiation between immunized and infected animals. Previously, a recombinant differential BoHV-1 vaccine based on a glycoprotein E deleted (gE) virus was developed. In the first chapter of the present work, the safety and immunogenicity of such recombinant, as a inactivate vaccine, was evaluated. The experiments showed that the DIVA vaccinne was safe and efficient in order to minimize or even prevent the clinical signs of the infection by BoHV- 1. In the second chapter of the present study, the safety of the gE- vaccine during pregnancy was evaluated by the intramuscular inoculation into 22 pregnant dams (14 BoHV-1 seronegative; 8 seropositive). Seroconversion was detected but no abortions, stillbirths or fetal abnormalities were seen after vaccination. In the second part of the same study, the potential of the gE- vaccine virus to spread among beef cattle under field conditions was examined. Four heifers were inoculated intranasally (IN) with the gE- vaccine and mixed with other 16 animals at the same age and body conditions, for 180 days. All animals were daily monitored for clinical signs.. Seroconversion was observed only in vaccinated heifers. These results indicate that, under the conditions of the present study, the gE vaccine virus did not cause any noticeable harmful effect on pregnant dams and on its offspring and did not spread horizontally among cattle. In the third chapter the pathogenicity of a US9 negative recombinant strain BoHV-1 using rabbits as an experimental model was avaluated. Rabbits four weeks old were divided in four groups (A, B, C, D) within four rabbits per group. Two groups were infected IN route and two via intraocular (IO). In each route, one group was infected by recombinant virus and the other infected by wild type (wt) virus. After IO infection, all rabbits developed intense conjunctivitis between days 3 to 10 pos infection (pi). Infective virus was consistently isolated from ocular swabs on days 1 to 10, reaching a maximum of 103.05 TCID50/mL. Animals infected in the IN rote with BoHV-1 wt, 4/4 rabbits showed characteristic signs of disease, which included pyrexia, apathy, anorexia, cough, severe nasal secretion between days 2 to 8. Rabbits inoculated with recombinant virus showed apathy, anorexia, nasal secretion (between days 3 and 7pi). Infectious virus was isolated in differents tissues as much as animals inoculated with wt and recombinant virus. Both virus were capable of replication in the mucosa nasal and ocular of the inoculated rabbits. Histopatological lesions were evident in both groups. In the present study showed which the US9 protein have not significantly in the pathogenicity in vivo

Experimental infection of rabbits with a recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) gI, gE and US9-negative Infecção experimental de coelhos com um recombinante do herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 defectivo na gI, gE e US9

Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is a major cause of viral meningoencephalitis in cattle. The expression of different viral proteins has been associated with BoHV-5 neuropathogenesis. Among these, gI, gE and US9 have been considered essential for the production of neurological disease in infected animals. To evaluate the role of gI, gE and US9 in neurovirulence, a recombinant from which the respective genes were deleted (BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9-) was constructed and inoculated in rabbits of two age groups (four and eight weeks-old). When the recombinant virus was inoculated through the paranasal sinuses of four weeks-old rabbits, neurological disease was observed and death was the outcome in 4 out of 13 (30.7 %) animals, whereas clinical signs and death were observed in 11/13 (84.6%) of rabbits infected with the parental virus. In eight weeks-old rabbits, the BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9- did not induce clinically apparent disease and could not be reactivated after dexamethasone administration, whereas wild type BoHV-5 caused disease in 55.5% of the animals and was reactivated. These findings reveal that the simultaneous deletion of gI, gE and US9 genes did reduce but did not completely abolish the neurovirulence of BoHV-5 in rabbits, indicating that other viral genes may also play a role in the induction of neurological disease.O herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 é uma das principais causas de meningoencefalite viral em bovinos. A expressão de diferentes proteínas virais tem sido associada à neuropatogenia do BoHV-5. Entre estas, a gI, gE e US9 têm sido consideradas essenciais para a indução de sinais neurológicos nos animais infectados. Para avaliar o papel das proteínas gI, gE e US9 na neurovirulência, construiu-se um recombinante no qual os genes que codificam estas proteínas foram deletados, denominado BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9-. Este vírus foi inoculado em coelhos de idades diferentes (quatro e oito semanas de idade). Quando o vírus recombinante foi inoculado nos seios paranasais de coelhos de quatro semanas de idade, doença neurológica e morte foram observadas em 4 dos 13 (30,7 %) animais, enquanto que sinais clínicos e morte foram observados em 11/13 (84,6%) dos coelhos infectados com o vírus parental. Em coelhos de oito semanas de idade, o BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9- não induziu sinais clínicos aparentes e, após tentativa de reativação viral por tratamento com dexametasona, o vírus não foi re-excretado. Por outro lado, o vírus selvagem causou doença clínica em 55,5 % dos coelhos e foi re-excretado após tratamento com dexametasona. Estes achados revelam que a deleção simultânea dos genes gI, gE e US9 reduziu mas não aboliu completamente a neurovirulência do BoHV-5 em coelhos, indicando que outros genes virais possam ter papel na indução da doença neurológica

Infecção experimental de coelhos com um recombinante do herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 defectivo na gI, gE e US9

O herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 é uma das principais causas de meningoencefalite viral em bovinos. A expressão de diferentes proteínas virais tem sido associada à neuropatogenia do BoHV-5. Entre estas, a gI, gE e US9 têm sido consideradas essenciais para a indução de sinais neurológicos nos animais infectados. Para avaliar o papel das proteínas gI, gE e US9 na neurovirulência, construiu-se um recombinante no qual os genes que codificam estas proteínas foram deletados, denominado BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9-. Este vírus foi inoculado em coelhos de idades diferentes (quatro e oito semanas de idade). Quando o vírus recombinante foi inoculado nos seios paranasais de coelhos de quatro semanas de idade, doença neurológica e morte foram observadas em 4 dos 13 (30,7 %) animais, enquanto que sinais clínicos e morte foram observados em 11/13 (84,6%) dos coelhos infectados com o vírus parental. Em coelhos de oito semanas de idade, o BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9- não induziu sinais clínicos aparentes e, após tentativa de reativação viral por tratamento com dexametasona, o vírus não foi re-excretado. Por outro lado, o vírus selvagem causou doença clínica em 55,5 % dos coelhos e foi re-excretado após tratamento com dexametasona. Estes achados revelam que a deleção simultânea dos genes gI, gE e US9 reduziu mas não aboliu completamente a neurovirulência do BoHV-5 em coelhos, indicando que outros genes virais possam ter papel na indução da doença neurológica.Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is a major cause of viral meningoencephalitis in cattle. The expression of different viral proteins has been associated with BoHV-5 neuropathogenesis. Among these, gI, gE and US9 have been considered essential for the production of neurological disease in infected animals. To evaluate the role of gI, gE and US9 in neurovirulence, a recombinant from which the respective genes were deleted (BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9-) was constructed and inoculated in rabbits of two age groups (four and eight weeks-old). When the recombinant virus was inoculated through the paranasal sinuses of four weeks-old rabbits, neurological disease was observed and death was the outcome in 4 out of 13 (30.7 %) animals, whereas clinical signs and death were observed in 11/13 (84.6%) of rabbits infected with the parental virus. In eight weeks-old rabbits, the BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9- did not induce clinically apparent disease and could not be reactivated after dexamethasone administration, whereas wild type BoHV-5 caused disease in 55.5% of the animals and was reactivated. These findings reveal that the simultaneous deletion of gI, gE and US9 genes did reduce but did not completely abolish the neurovirulence of BoHV-5 in rabbits, indicating that other viral genes may also play a role in the induction of neurological disease

Infecção experimental de coelhos com um recombinante do herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 defectivo na gI, gE e US9

O herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 é uma das principais causas de meningoencefalite viral em bovinos. A expressão de diferentes proteínas virais tem sido associada à neuropatogenia do BoHV-5. Entre estas, a gI, gE e US9 têm sido consideradas essenciais para a indução de sinais neurológicos nos animais infectados. Para avaliar o papel das proteínas gI, gE e US9 na neurovirulência, construiu-se um recombinante no qual os genes que codificam estas proteínas foram deletados, denominado BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9-. Este vírus foi inoculado em coelhos de idades diferentes (quatro e oito semanas de idade). Quando o vírus recombinante foi inoculado nos seios paranasais de coelhos de quatro semanas de idade, doença neurológica e morte foram observadas em 4 dos 13 (30,7 %) animais, enquanto que sinais clínicos e morte foram observados em 11/13 (84,6%) dos coelhos infectados com o vírus parental. Em coelhos de oito semanas de idade, o BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9- não induziu sinais clínicos aparentes e, após tentativa de reativação viral por tratamento com dexametasona, o vírus não foi re-excretado. Por outro lado, o vírus selvagem causou doença clínica em 55,5 % dos coelhos e foi re-excretado após tratamento com dexametasona. Estes achados revelam que a deleção simultânea dos genes gI, gE e US9 reduziu mas não aboliu completamente a neurovirulência do BoHV-5 em coelhos, indicando que outros genes virais possam ter papel na indução da doença neurológica.Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is a major cause of viral meningoencephalitis in cattle. The expression of different viral proteins has been associated with BoHV-5 neuropathogenesis. Among these, gI, gE and US9 have been considered essential for the production of neurological disease in infected animals. To evaluate the role of gI, gE and US9 in neurovirulence, a recombinant from which the respective genes were deleted (BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9-) was constructed and inoculated in rabbits of two age groups (four and eight weeks-old). When the recombinant virus was inoculated through the paranasal sinuses of four weeks-old rabbits, neurological disease was observed and death was the outcome in 4 out of 13 (30.7 %) animals, whereas clinical signs and death were observed in 11/13 (84.6%) of rabbits infected with the parental virus. In eight weeks-old rabbits, the BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9- did not induce clinically apparent disease and could not be reactivated after dexamethasone administration, whereas wild type BoHV-5 caused disease in 55.5% of the animals and was reactivated. These findings reveal that the simultaneous deletion of gI, gE and US9 genes did reduce but did not completely abolish the neurovirulence of BoHV-5 in rabbits, indicating that other viral genes may also play a role in the induction of neurological disease