The Italian SMEs in the International context. A model to succeed in the global arena

� This paper explores the internationalization process of the Italian SMEs, and aims to investigate their behaviour in the international contexts to ultimately outline general models able to optimize their peculiarities. The empirical study firstly examines 546 SMEs along their internationalization. The internationalization process is examined through its phases: decisions, marketing strategy, achievements and future perspectives. A second aim is to define sustainable paths for SMEs willing to expand successfully over the Country borders. It also proposes important issues and management implications to be considered in the international development of Italian SMEs.

Early handling and repeated cross-fostering have opposite effect on mouse emotionality

Early life events have a crucial role in programming the individual phenotype and exposure to traumatic experiences during infancy can increase later risk for a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, including mood and anxiety disorders. Animal models of postnatal stress have been developed in rodents to explore molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed short and long lasting neurobiological effects of such manipulations. The main aim of this study was to compare the behavioral and hormonal phenotype of young and adult animals exposed to different postnatal treatments. Outbred mice were exposed to (i) the classical Handling protocol (H: 15 min-day of separation from the mother from day 1 to 14 of life) or to (ii) a Repeated Cross-Fostering protocol (RCF: adoption of litters from day 1 to 4 of life by different dams). Handled mice received more maternal care in infancy and showed the already described reduced emotionality at adulthood. Repeated cross fostered animals did not differ for maternal care received, but showed enhanced sensitivity to separation from the mother in infancy and altered respiratory response to 6% CO2 in breathing air in comparison with controls. Abnormal respiratory responses to hypercapnia are commonly found among humans with panic disorders (PD), and point to RCF-induced instability of the early environment as a valid developmental model for PD. The comparisons between short-and long-term effects of postnatal handling vs. RCF indicate that different types of early adversities are associated with different behavioral profiles, and evoke psychopathologies that can be distinguished according to the neurobiological systems disrupted by early-life manipulation

Decoding of path-guided apparent motion from neural ensembles in posterior parietal cortex

We compared quantitatively the psychometric capacity of human subjects to detect path-guided apparent motion (PAM) and the accuracy of cell ensembles in area 7a to code the same type of stimuli. Nine human subjects performed a detection task of PAM. They were instructed to indicate with a key-press whether they perceived a circularly moving object when five stimuli were flashed successively at the vertices of a regular pentagon. The stimuli were presented along a low contrast circular path with one of 33 speeds (150-600°/s). The average psychometric curve revealed that the threshold for PAM detection was 314°/s. The minimum and maximum thresholds for individual subjects were 277° and 378°/s, respectively. In addition, the activity of cells in area 7a that were modulated by the stimulus position in real or apparent motion was used in a multivariate linear regression analysis to recover the stimulus position over time. Real stimulus motion was decoded successfully from neural ensemble activity at all speeds. In contrast, the decoding of PAM was poor at low stimulus speeds but improved markedly above 300°/s: in fact, this was very close to the threshold above for human subjects to perceive continuous stimulus motion in this condition. These results suggest that the posterior parietal cortex is part of a high-level system that is directly involved in the dynamic representation of complex motion. © Springer-Verlag 2004

Pain perception and stabilometric parameters in people with chronic low back pain after a pilates exercise program: A randomized controlled trial

Various exercise interventions, such as Pilates exercises and traditional physical therapy methods, are employed to decrease low back pain (LBP). Nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) is distinct from LBP, however, as the distribution of pain is restricted to the region between the costal margin and the inferior gluteal. The aim of our randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of a program of Pilates exercises on pain perception and stabilometric parameters in patients with NSLBP.Thirty-eight participants were randomly allocated, using a 1:1 scheme, to either the experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). The EG completed a 14-week program of Pilates exercises, performed thrice per week under the supervision of an exercise specialist, while the CG was managed with a social program only. Measures of posturography and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for pain perception were obtained at baseline (T0) and after the 14 weeks of intervention (T)1.Posturography measures improved for patients in the EG, with both eyes open and eyes closed (P\u200a<\u200a0.05). There were no statistical differences in posturography in the CG. ODI decreased significantly in both groups over the 14 weeks of the study protocol: EG, T0, 13.7\u200a\ub1\u200a5.0 compared with T1, 6.5\u200a\ub1\u200a4.0 (P\u200a<\u200a0.001); and CG, T0, 10.7\u200a\ub1\u200a7.8 compared with T1, 8.4\u200a\ub1\u200a7.8 (P\u200a<\u200a0.01). A greater extent of reduction in pain was achieved in the EG.The Pilates exercise program yielded improvements in pain and posturography outcomes. Our study also confirms the applicability of posturography in evaluating postural instability in patients with NSLBP. Due to our relatively small study group, future studies would be necessary to confirm our findings

Mouse model of panic disorder: Vulnerability to early environmental instability is strain-dependent.

AbstractEarly life experiences and genetic background shape phenotypic variation. Several mouse models based on early treatments have evaluated short‐ and long‐term phenotypic alterations and explored their molecular mechanisms. The instability of maternal cues was used to model human separation anxiety in outbred mice, one of the etiopathogenetic factors that predict panic disorder (PD). Application of the repeated cross‐fostering (RCF) protocol to inbred strains (C57 and DBA) allowed us to measure differential responses to the same experimental manipulation. Ultrasounds emitted during isolation indicated that after RCF, pups from both strains lose their ability to be comforted by nest cues, but the frequency modulation of separation calls increased in RCF‐C57 and decreased in RCF‐DBA mice. No strain‐specific difference in olfactory ability explained these responses in RCF‐exposed mice. Rather, disruption of the infant‐mother bond may differentially affect separation calls in the two strains. Moreover, the RCF‐associated increased respiratory response to hypercapnia–an endophenotype of human PD documented among mice outbred strains–was replicated in the C57 strain only. We suggest that RCF‐induced instability of the early environment affects emotionality and respiratory physiology differentially, depending on pups' genetic background. These strain‐specific responses provide a lead to understand differential vulnerability to emotional disorders

Study on the antibacterial properties of leathers tanned with natural tannins and their interactions with shoes inhabiting bacteria

Content: Tannins are high molecular weight polyphenols, naturally synthesized by plants to defend themselves against biotic and abiotic stress factors. Their role as antioxidant, antibiotic and antibacterial agent has been known for many years among agriculture, food, pharma and cosmetics industry. If tannins would perform an antibacterial activity in a vegetable tanned leather, the leather itself could be certified as an antibacterial material. This effect could be very interesting for all the applications in which the leather, being in contact with sweat and bacteria, becomes a solution to reduce more or less severe hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis. The goal of the study was the assessment of the antibacterial activity of vegetable tanned leathers with natural tannins to produce articles in direct contact with human skin and, therefore, their effect on sweat, bacterial growth and metabolite production. Firstly, the antibacterial activity has been evaluated and compared between leathers tanned with Chestnut, Quebracho and Tara extracts, chrome tanned leathers and synthetic materials. The trial was performed in vitro by inoculating gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. A later step defined the most suitable blend of tannins to obtain, after tanning and/or retanning, an antibacterial natural leather. Furthermore, the vegetable tanned leathers, made with this tannins blend, have been the target of an in vivo trial during which 15 panelists have worn two differently made shoes. The lining and insole inside the right shoe have been made with vegetable tanned leathers with tannins, while the ones inside the left shoe contained only synthetic material. The shoes have been worn for 28 consecutive days, followed by a molecular and bioinformatic analysis of microbiota samples taken from the inner surface of the shoes by using a sterile swab. Lastly, a biochemical analysis of volatile short chain fatty acids has been carried out to investigate the byproducts of the bacteria responsible for the unpleasant odor of shoes. Take-Away: 1. Vegetable tanned leather is a wonderful antibacterial material thanks to the presence of natural tannins, such as chestnut, quebracho and tara. This property is appreciated in the production of insole leather, lining, leather goods and automotive interiors. 2. The problem of bromhidrosis (bad feet odor) can be avoided by using vegetable tanned leather. 3. In particular, vegetable leathers tanned with tannins used to make inside part of the shoes permit to avoid the formation of cheesy and acidic odours thanks to their antibacterial properties and their capacity to absorb sweat

Cortico-spinal modularity in the parieto-frontal system: a new perspective on action control

: Classical neurophysiology suggests that the motor cortex (MI) has a unique role in action control. In contrast, this review presents evidence for multiple parieto-frontal spinal command modules that can bypass MI. Five observations support this modular perspective: (i) the statistics of cortical connectivity demonstrate functionally-related clusters of cortical areas, defining functional modules in the premotor, cingulate, and parietal cortices; (ii) different corticospinal pathways originate from the above areas, each with a distinct range of conduction velocities; (iii) the activation time of each module varies depending on task, and different modules can be activated simultaneously; (iv) a modular architecture with direct motor output is faster and less metabolically expensive than an architecture that relies on MI, given the slow connections between MI and other cortical areas; (v) lesions of the areas composing parieto-frontal modules have different effects from lesions of MI. Here we provide examples of six cortico-spinal modules and functions they subserve: module 1) arm reaching, tool use and object construction; module 2) spatial navigation and locomotion; module 3) grasping and observation of hand and mouth actions; module 4) action initiation, motor sequences, time encoding; module 5) conditional motor association and learning, action plan switching and action inhibition; module 6) planning defensive actions. These modules can serve as a library of tools to be recombined when faced with novel tasks, and MI might serve as a recombinatory hub. In conclusion, the availability of locally-stored information and multiple outflow paths supports the physiological plausibility of the proposed modular perspective

No Risk of Anorexia Nervosa in Young Rhythmic Gymnasts: What are the Practical Implications of what is Already Know?

In aesthetic sports success is strongly influenced by body appearance and eating disorder risks prevail in aesthetic athletes. Previous studies demonstrated that rhythmic gymnasts showed a "lean, almost anorexic-like physique" but no psychological distress. Recently, researchers used body image perception and dissatisfaction to detect gymnast eating disorders. The results showed that elite rhythmic gymnasts are very thin but have a precise estimation of their body image, and this condition leads to hypothesize that they are not at risk for eating disorders development. A correct evaluation of one's own body image is essential in prevention of pathological eating behaviours