Tools of state-private partnership in developing the infrastructure of the Russian regions (by the example of Tatarstan Republic)

Objective to identify the factors influencing the level of infrastructure development created in the framework of publicprivate partnership projects in the regions of the Russian Federation. Methods general scientific methods of cognition were used in the process of research methods of system analysis which make it possible to comprehend the patterns of infrastructure development the optimal ways and methods of managing partner projects statistical and structuralfunctional analysis enabling to identify the dependence on internal and external factors methods of generalization and grouping. Results publicprivate partnership is one of the mechanisms that have proven useful for the development of infrastructure of regions and municipalities. The article emphasizes the importance of PPP projects in the Russian practice as well as the need for further research to improve its effectiveness. On the basis of the regionsrsquo ranking by the level of publicprivate partnership development presented by the ldquoPPP Development Centerrdquo Association the analysis of various factors was carried out that allow determining the place of a region in this ranking. Also the analysis results are presented which show the implementation of projects to create an innovative PPP infrastructure in the Republic of Tatarstan as a result of which the thesis about the impact of the selected factors on the development of PPP was confirmed. The main activities contributing to the development of PPP in the Republic of Tatarstan are identified and recommendations to improve its efficiency are formulated. Scientific novelty based on the data of the ranking of the Russian Federation subjects a regression model was made describing the relationship between the level of publicprivate partnership development in the region and such factors as the proximity of the Russian Federation subject to the capital the unemployment rate in the region and the number of large profitable enterprises in its territory ndash potential subjects of publicprivate partnership. The conditions of effective development of regional projects in the sphere of publicprivate partnership are revealed and systematized. Practical significance the results can be used as recommendations for the development of regional infrastructure in the framework of publicprivate partnership projects

Enhancement of Performance of Infrastructural Assets Built through a Public and Private Partnership

The paper covers the issues related to evaluation of efficiency of innovative development institutes that are set up through the public and private partnership. The paper offers a system of indicators applicable for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of efficiency of infrastructural assets built through a partnership between the government and businesses whilst accommodating the interests of each of the cooperating parties. The suggested methodology allows not only studying performance efficiency of these assets but carrying out a benchmarking assessment of a volume of investments to be made into infrastructural projects. On the basis of the outlined methodology, an efficiency study was carried out covering the regional innovative projects being implemented through the public and private partnership in the Republic of Tatarstan. The study findings helped reveal the problems related to taking advantages of the public and private partnership whilst identifying the ways how to eliminate such problems. The major problems include constraints on the range of possibilities of the public and private partnership, lack of a sound legal framework to regulate interaction of the involved parties, unequal status of the partners, lack of project management coupled with zero participation of the government in the decision-making process at the stage of project operation, monopolistic position of the assets built within the frame of the public and private partnership projects. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s3p31

Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms With Markers of Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults

Introduction: Recent studies have demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency contributes to the development of metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms had been described to play a role in these conditions since vitamin D receptors were found in many tissues. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between vitamin D status and VDR gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome (MS) parameters in Russian middle-aged women.Materials and Methods: A total of 697 women aged between 30 to 55 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level and four VDR gene polymorphisms rs1544410 (BsmI), rs7975232 (ApaI), rs731236 (TaqI), and rs2228570 (FokI) were measured. We applied the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria to identify subjects with MS.Results: 9.3% of subjects had normal vitamin D level, while 90.7% were insufficient or deficient. Abdominal obesity (AO) was seen in 75.5%, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or T2DM was observed in 33.3%, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level in 32.2% and hypertriglyceridemia in 23.4%. Serum 25(OH)D level in women with or without MS did not differ (48.6 ± 1.8 and 51.1 ± 1.5 nmol/l, p > 0.05). Subjects with vitamin D deficiency showed an increased risk of AO [CI 95% 2.23; 1.15–4.30] and low HDL-C [CI95% 2.60; 1.04–6.49] compared to subjects with normal 25(OH)D level. IGT and T2DM risk was increased only when 25(OH)D concentration was less than 39.0 nmol/l [CI 95% 7.17; 2.99–17.7], but risk of MS did not differ in normal vitamin D status subjects and insufficient/deficient ones (p > 0.05). T allele carriers (A) of rs7975232 had higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with the GG (aa) genotypes. Similarly, GG (BB) genotype carriers of rs1544410 had higher triglyceride levels than subjects with A (b) allele carriers. However VDR gene polymorphisms did not seem to be associated with an increased risk of MS.Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency, rs7975232, and rs1544410 VDR gene variants are associated with MS parameters in Russian middle-aged women

Биосимиляр двухфазного инсулина человека: результаты двойного слепого, рандомизированного, сравнительного, перекрестного клинического исследования фармакокинетики

Justification. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is extremely high, and the number of such patients is constantly increasing. In 30-40% of patients, only insulin therapy can achieve compensation for the disease. Therapy with ready-made mixtures is considered as an alternative option in the initiation and intensification of insulin therapy. Rinsulin® mix 30/70 is a domestic biosimilar (bioanalogue) of Humulin® M3, a combination of a 30% solution of human insulin and a 70% suspension of insulin-isofan. The clinical research program for biosimilars of insulin preparations includes pharmacology studies: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical safety research. Purpose. Evaluation of the biosimilarity of Rinsulin® mix 30/70 (bioanalog) and Humulin® M3 (original) preparations in the conditions of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in healthy volunteers. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on healthy male volunteers aged 18 to 50 years. Study design is a double-blind, randomized, crossover study of the comparative pharmacokinetics of drugs. The drugs were injected subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall at a dose of 0.4 IU / kg once. The duration of blood sampling to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters was 24 hours: the concentration of insulin in the blood was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Based on the level of glycemia, the glucose infusion rate was adjusted, the data of which were used to calculate the pharmacodynamic parameters. Results and discussion. Comparability of the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the Rinsulin® mix 30/70 and Humulin® M3 preparations in the conditions of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in healthy volunteers was noted. The confidence interval for the logarithmically transformed ratio of the values of the parameter Cins.max was 87.31-105.26%, and AuCins.0-12 - 85.23-110.90%, which falls within the limits set by regulatory documents 80-125% to establish comparability between drugs. This confirms the high similarity of the reproduced Rinsulin® Mix 30/70 to the original drug. Of particular clinical significance is the synchronous onset of drug action, the time of onset of the maximum effect and duration of action. Adverse events in the study associated with the introduction of drugs were not recorded. Conclusions. Rinsulin® mix 30/70 and Humulin® M3 are equivalent.Обоснование. Распространённость сахарного диабета 2-го типа чрезвычайно высока, и число таких больных постоянно увеличивается. У 30-40 % больных только инсулинотерапия позволяет достичь компенсации заболевания. Терапия готовыми смесями рассматривается как альтернативный вариант при инициации и интенсификации инсулинотерапии. Ринсулин® микс 30/70 - отечественный биосимиляр (биоаналог) препарата Хумулин® М3, представляет собой комбинацию 30 % раствора инсулина человека и 70 % суспензии инсулина-изофана. В программу клинических исследований биосимиляров препаратов инсулина входят исследования фармакологии: фармакокинетика, фармакодинамика и исследование клинической безопасности. Цель. Оценка биосимилярности препаратов Ринсулин® микс 30/70 (биоаналог) и Хумулин® М3 (оригинальный) в условиях гиперинсулинемического эугликемического клэмпа на здоровых добровольцах. Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на здоровых добровольцах мужского пола в возрасте от 18 до 50 лет. Дизайн исследования - двойное слепое рандомизированное перекрестное исследование сравнительной фармакокинетики препаратов. Препараты вводили подкожно в переднюю брюшную стенку в дозе 0,4 МЕ/кг однократно. Длительность забора крови для определения фармакокинетических параметров составила 24 ч: концентрацию инсулина в крови определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. На основании уровня гликемии корректировали скорость инфузии глюкозы, данные которой использованы для расчёта фармакодинамических параметров. Результаты и обсуждение. Отмечена сопоставимость основных фармакокинетических и фармакодинамических характеристик препаратов Ринсулин® микс 30/70 и Хумулин® М3 в условиях гиперинсулинемического эугликемического клэмпа на здоровых добровольцах. Доверительный интервал для логарифмически преобразованного отношения значений параметра Cins.max составил 87,31-105,26 %, а AUCins.0-12 - 85,23-110,90 %, что попадает в заданные нормативными документами границы 80-125 % для установления сопоставимости между препаратами. Это подтверждает высокое подобие воспроизведённого препарата Ринсулин® микс 30/70 оригинальному препарату. Особую клиническую значимость имеет синхронное начало действие препаратов, время наступления максимального эффекта и продолжительность действия. Нежелательных явлений в исследовании, ассоциированных с введением препаратов, не зафиксировано. Выводы. Препараты Ринсулин® микс 30/70 и Хумулин® М3 являются эквивалентными

Erot spatiaalisissa ja ajallisissa reaktionormeissa kevään ja syksyn fenologisille tapahtumille

For species to stay temporally tuned to their environment, they use cues such as the accumulation of degree-days. The relationships between the timing of a phenological event in a population and its environmental cue can be described by a population-level reaction norm. Variation in reaction norms along environmental gradients may either intensify the envi- ronmental effects on timing (cogradient variation) or attenu- ate the effects (countergradient variation). To resolve spatial and seasonal variation in species’ response, we use a unique dataset of 91 taxa and 178 phenological events observed across a network of 472 monitoring sites, spread across the nations of the former Soviet Union. We show that compared to local rates of advancement of phenological events with the advancement of temperature-related cues (i.e., variation within site over years), spatial variation in reaction normsPeer reviewe

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation

The optimized superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X (with major radius , minor radius , and plasma volume) restarted operation after the assembly of a graphite heat shield and 10 inertially cooled island divertor modules. This paper reports on the results from the first high-performance plasma operation. Glow discharge conditioning and ECRH conditioning discharges in helium turned out to be important for density and edge radiation control. Plasma densities of with central electron temperatures were routinely achieved with hydrogen gas fueling, frequently terminated by a radiative collapse. In a first stage, plasma densities up to were reached with hydrogen pellet injection and helium gas fueling. Here, the ions are indirectly heated, and at a central density of a temperature of with was transiently accomplished, which corresponds to with a peak diamagnetic energy of and volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure . The routine access to high plasma densities was opened with boronization of the first wall. After boronization, the oxygen impurity content was reduced by a factor of 10, the carbon impurity content by a factor of 5. The reduced (edge) plasma radiation level gives routinely access to higher densities without radiation collapse, e.g. well above line integrated density and central temperatures at moderate ECRH power. Both X2 and O2 mode ECRH schemes were successfully applied. Core turbulence was measured with a phase contrast imaging diagnostic and suppression of turbulence during pellet injection was observed