An Assessment Coffee Marketing Activities and Performance of Bonga Town Peasant Union

Ethiopia is the oldest coffee exporter in the world, even though In rural areas, householders are often geographically dispersed; roads and communications are poor, and the volume of business is insufficient to encourage private service provision. The purpose of this study is to assess the overall coffee marketing activities and performance of Bonga town peasant union. In this study, the type of research is descriptive. The rational for selecting this type of research is that the purpose of the study is describing the existing phenomenon of the coffee marketing activities and performance of Bonga town peasant union. This study employees both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. From non-probability convenience sampling technique was selected. Then, simple random sampling technique was used to select the representative sample from the population. The sampling frame for farmers was the registration list of the farmers around the town that consists of 443 at time of field survey. The combination of qualitative and quantitative data were employed. The data obtained from different sources is analyzed by using frequency tables and percentages. The main service found between farmers and the union is the marketing. The permanent customers for Coffee marketing union were member farmers, other farmers & local traders. From the supply side the farmers & other traders and the permanent buyer is the Union. The purchasing activity was done in most of the time by themselves and their family followed by using agents. The marketing service of the union is not that much fast and transparent and these results in poor performance of the union. Members in the study area, right after nominating the cooperatives managing body; were inclined to run away from their cooperatives and they were not controlling the physical and financial performances of their cooperatives. This situation opens the door for mismanagement of resources and lead to corruption. There were 33 private traders 13 cooperatives and four main marketing channels in which coffee was passing from producers to consumers. The first channel was passing coffee from producers via coffee marketing primary cooperatives to export through secondary cooperative (unions). In the second channel producers sold dried coffee to collectors who were selling to coffee marketing cooperatives to be exported directly through the Union. The third and the fourth channels participates rather larger number of marketing agents and in this way producers were selling their coffee either to collectors of dried cherry or wholesalers and collectors to wholesalers to export via exporter through auction market respectively. More active participation and coordination of members, directors, and managerial staff and government bodies are required to make the cooperatives become more competent and efficient, Giving greater emphasizes for member satisfaction the members, the management bodies and the staff members of the cooperatives need to be given a capacity building training in business planning and development and marketing management, Creating of conducive environment though formulation of sound cooperative policy that creates competitive cooperatives in satisfying their members. Keywords: Coffee, marketing, cooperatives (unions), Farmers DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/53-03

The Status of Parental Participation in School and Its Impact on the Students Learning in Amuru Woreda Schools

The primary goal of education in a free society is to help the individuals to realize his/her potentials and to develop him/her capacity to make wise decisions. With a high connection between academic success and parental involvement, alternative methods must be established that will assist parents in supporting their children with the current family structures in place. The objective of this study was to assess the status of parental participation in school and its impact on the students learning in Amuru woreda schools. By employing purposive sampling due to the nature of the study whereby teachers, students and parents were purposely selected to provide reliable information to the researcher, The study was conducted in four (04) selected public primary schools at Amuru Woreda Respondents included 40 students, where by 10 students were selected from each school and five of them were from four and other five were form three. From each school 12 teachers were selected while three teachers were selected including academic master, discipline masters and teachers on duty. In addition, four head teachers were selected one in each school and 40 parents were selected. Total sample were 96 respondents. The finding shows that, in most cases, great numbers of parents are not attending school meetings and others do not know school programmes at all.  Also it reveals that large number of parents do not check their children exercise books because they do not know the subject matter which was used in school curriculum. Some parents do not cooperate with school to look education matters of their children which lead to poor performance. Also poverty in students’ families leads to frequent and prolonged participation in domestic works. As a result, they left with limited time for doing school activities like revision, private study and homework. This indicates that children rights are violated at household level, parents are answerable for this. As a recommendation, School system should introduce and make sustainable counseling unity to deal with students. Local government at ward level should advise parents to cooperate with school administration through close supervision of their children academic progress and through balancing of domestic chores with studies at home. Government under the Ministry of Education should make sure that the students who are selected to join form one are selected in the schools around their ward to avoid long distance from home to school. Keywords: parents, students, schools, education, learning DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/47-02 Publication date: April 30th 201

Poverty Situations in the Case of Amuru Woreda, Horro Guduru Wolegga Zone, Oromia Regional State

Over 80% of the Ethiopian people live in the rural areas and agriculture is the main stay of the economy as it commands the lion’s share in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment opportunities, export earnings and supply of raw materials. This study aims to examine the poverty situations in the case of Amuru woreda, Horro Guduru Wolegga Zone, Oromia Regional state. Poverty is manifested in low per capita income, low literacy rate, low primary school enrollment ratio, limited access to health services, safe water and sanitation facilities, high rate of infant, child and maternal mortality as well as short life expectancy. Employing cross sectional design, this research was undertaken on a random sample of 163 households so as to study rural poverty situation and its determinants in Amuru woreda. Cost of Basic Needs approach and Foster, Greer and Thorbecke measures have been employed to set the poverty line and compute the magnitude of rural poverty. Accordingly, the food and total poverty lines were found to be Birr 6168.24 and 7960.04/adult/annum respectively. Accounting for over 77.5 percent, food takes the lion’s share in the consumption expenditure of the poor and occupied substantial amount in the estimated poverty line. While the incidence, depth and severity of food poverty stood at 42, 31.5 and 11.5 percent, the respective measures for total poverty were found to be 45.5, 27.2 and 9.9 percent. The study clearly indicates that the magnitude of both food and total poverty in the woreda exceeds the corresponding average at national level and Oromia region. To the last to minimize magnitude of poverty in the study area: expansion of education and intensification of family planning programme at grass root level, awareness creation towards the significant role of saving habit, mechanism that compel with skill training, not the whole group should be paved and defaulter to incur the costs to loans deserves prime attention. Keywords: Rural poverty, Households, magnitude, Amuru wored

Rural-urban linkage in market oriented dairy development in Ethiopia: lessons from the Ada'a District

Addis Ababa, with an estimated human population of over 3 million, has a high demand for cereals, pulses, fresh vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products and meat and eggs. The Ada’a Woreda is one of the important areas that supply the well known ‘maja’ teff, chickpeas, fresh vegetables, eggs and chicken, meat and milk. The Woreda capital, Debre Zeit town, is only 45 km southeast of Addis Ababa and has a very good road and railway connection. The Ada’a Dairy Cooperative was established in 1998 in Debre Zeit based on its comparative market advantage, the conducive agro-ecological conditions for dairy production and the available support services. The cooperative was established with 34 members and an initial capital of 3,400 Birr. The main objectives are to minimize transaction costs, reduce price fluctuations over seasons, increase production efficiency, improve incomes and create job opportunities. Milk collection and marketing started in January 2000, with a daily total of 308 liters. The association has made significant progress so far and currently has over 850 members (about 50% female) who individually own over 3000 dairy cows. The current capital of the association has increased to USD 138,029. The number of milk collection sites has increased to 10 and job opportunity has been created for 62 staff. Daily milk collection has increased to over 8,000 liters and is mainly sold to the Dairy Development Enterprise (DDE) in Addis Ababa. The cooperative has established a small processing unit for the production of butter, yoghurt and cottage cheese during periods of excess supply. Members use mainly crossbred animals and the management level is relatively intensive with limited land area. Most animals are stall fed. The cooperative supplies inputs such as grass hay, concentrate feeds, veterinary drugs and services, and artificial insemination service to members at reasonable prices. Rural dairy farmers are joining the cooperative, taking advantage of market access for their milk. Inputs required in dairy production include feeds and water, labour, veterinary drugs and services, artificial insemination and equipment and utensils. The largest input in terms of volume and financial requirements is feed. These involve roughages and concentrate feeds. The main rural areas that provide roughage feeds (grass hay and crop residues) include Selale, Ada’a and adjacent Woredas, and Arsi. Concentrate feeds such as bran, middlings, oil seed cakes, molasses are supplied by ago-industries around Addis Ababa, Debre Zeit and Nazareth, but the row materials come from various parts of the country. Molasses is supplied from Wonji and Shoa Sugar Estates. Another major input is water which is used for animal consumption, washing and cleaning purposes. Most dairy farmers use expensive municipal water supply. Most of the milk collected is supplied to DDE. Pasteurized and processed products are mainly sold in Addis. Some fresh milk is also sold directly to hotels and restaurants in Addis Ababa, Debre Zeit, Dukem and Nazareth towns. In addition, milk collected from Ada’a by the Sebeta agro-industry is processed and supplied to urban centres as far as Bahir Dar. Manure produced from dairy farms is also supplied to a limited extent to rural areas, particularly to horticultural crops producing farms. A strong and organized rural-urban linkage is evolving informally at the moment and this should be recognized and strengthened to benefit both rural and urban dwellers in taking advantage of the value chain. Although urban and peri-urban dairy production system plays important role in the national economy, the system has been marginalized and there is limited research and institutional support addressing this issue. This paper presents the activities and achievements of the Ada’a dairy cooperative and also highlights the rural and urban linkages through the value chain of milk production, processing and marketing

Superovulation of Boran Cattle in Ethiopia: A Preliminary Report

The reproductive response of 27 Boran and 20 Boran x Holstein cows to an exogenous superovulation treatment regimen was investigated. Upon cessation of treatment, cows were monitored to determine the onset and duration of estrus. Superovulatory response was by assessed via both transrectal palpation and ultrasonography. The overall proportion of cows that exhibited estrus was 77% and was higher (P=0.003) for Boran than for Boran x Holstein crosses. The mean interval from CIDR removal to the onset of estrus was 20.4 ± 1.8 hours, and the mean duration of estrus was 21.9 ± 1.1 hours The method (palpation vs ultrasound) used to determine the number of corpora lutea (CL) gave similar results (P\u3e0.10; 8.5 and 8.6, respectively). Boran cows had a higher (

Factors Affecting Female Students' Academic Achievement at Bahir Dar University <Special Issue : Study results of the Africa-Asia university dialogue for educational development network second phase>

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the on-campus and offcampus factors responsible for female students' low academic performance and consequently high attrition. Based on review of the related literature, basic research questions were formulated. For data gathering, both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed. The quantitative data were obtained through questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to validate the instrument using 30 second year university students and was followed by the main study. The final version of the questionnaire was administered for 600 undergraduate students at Bahir Dar University. The qualitative instrument constituted of document analysis, student records, and interview. The SPSS 13.0 was used for data analysis. Statistical techniques such as Percentage, Cross Tabulation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, t-test and Regression Analysis have been used for data analysis. Though the rate of attrition decreases, the number of female students' attrition has increased. The problems female students encountered constitute personal, university related factors, academic factors and economic factors. Previous academic background (high school) is one of the major factors for their low academic performance. The off-campus factors that affect female students' academic performance include family background, Disco and traditional Music Houses and economic problems. In conclusion, the majority of problems female students encounter and those factors that affect female students' academic performance are personal and the other problems are caused by the university environment

Magnitude of Helicobacter pylori among Dyspeptic patients attending at University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection is predominantly acquired in childhood from family members. The infection can cause dypepepsia, chronic and acute gastritis and gastric cancer. Dyspepsia is the most common illness in the Ethiopian population visiting outpatient department of health facilities, and it has also been associated with H.pylori infection. The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of H.pylori and its associated factors among dyspeptic patients who visited University of Gondar Hospital Outpatient Department.Materials and Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 354 dyspeptic patients. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select study participants. Data were collected by using structured questionnaire via face-to-face interview. H.pylori infection was diagnosed using stool antigen test method. The data were entered into Epi info version 3.5.3 and transferred to Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Both Bivariable and  multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed to see the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable.Result: Of the total study participants, 201(56.8%), 195(55.1%) and 182(51.4%) were married, urban residents and females, respectively. The overall magnitude of H.pylori infection was 37.6%. In bivariable logistic regression analysis, sex and marital status were significantly associated with H.pylori infection, but in multivariable logistic regression analysis only marital status was significantly associated with H.pylori infection.Conclusion: The magnitude of H.pylori infection is high indicating that it is a public health problem in the study to area. According to this study, none of the variables were significantly associated with H.pylori infection. Hence, effective preventive, control and screening strategies need to be designed to reduce the burden of the disease.Keywords: Associated factor, Dyspepsia, Helicobacter pylor

Etiquette of the antibiotic decision-making process for surgical prophylaxis in Ethiopia: a triangulated ethnographic study

BackgroundProphylactic antibiotics reduce surgery-associated infections and healthcare costs. While quantitative methods have been widely used to evaluate antibiotic use practices in surgical wards, they fall short of fully capturing the intricacies of antibiotic decision-making in these settings. Qualitative methods can bridge this gap by delving into the often-overlooked healthcare customs that shape antibiotic prescribing practices.AimThis study aimed to explore the etiquette of the antibiotic decision-making process of surgical prophylaxis antibiotic use at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH).MethodsThe observational study was carried out at TASH, a teaching and referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 26 August 2021 to 1 January 2022. Overall, 21 business ward rounds, 30 medical record reviews, and 11 face-to-face interviews were performed sequentially to triangulate and cross-validate the qualitative observation. The data were collected until saturation. The data were cleaned, coded, summarized, and analyzed using the thematic analysis approach.ResultSurgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) discussions were infrequent during surgical ward rounds in TASH, leading to practices that deviated from established recommendations. Clear documentation differentiating SAP from other antibiotic uses was also lacking, which contributed to unjustified extended SAP use in the postoperative period. Missed SAP documentation was common for emergency surgeries, as well as initial dose timing and pre-operative metronidazole administration. Importantly, there was no standardized facility guideline or clinical protocol for SAP use. Furthermore, SAP prescriptions were often signed by junior residents and medical interns, and administration was typically handled by anesthesiologists/anesthetists at the operating theater and by nurses in the wards. This suggests a delegation of SAP decision-making from surgeons to senior residents, then to junior residents, and finally to medical interns. Moreover, there was no adequate representation from pharmacy, nursing, and other staff during ward rounds.ConclusionDeeply ingrained customs hinder evidence-based SAP decisions, leading to suboptimal practices and increased surgical site infection risks. Engaging SAP care services and implementing antimicrobial stewardship practices could optimize SAP usage and mitigate SSI risks