THE ROLE OF STATE ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

State administration and local self-government have numerous competences, which, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, have been elaborated through special laws. One of the specific competencies is the protection of the environment. There are many legal documents regulating this matter - from the Constitution to by-laws and acts at the level of local self-government units, so it can be said that the legal regulation in this area is extensive but not yet complete. In addition, the state administration, as a part of the state authority, plays a significant role in environmental protection policy, and local self-government authorities enable the implementation of this policy directly in immediate communication with citizens

Workplace stress of employees in public enforcement offices

Employees in Public Enforcement Offices are facing a great amount of workplace stress on a daily basis. Conflict situations regularly arise between public enforcement employees and other participants in the procedure: debtors, creditors and third parties, but also between the employees of other institutions- state bodies and organizations. Public enforcement officers, not only perform their functions with public authority, but at the same time, they are employers, and consequently obliged to take care of workplace health and safety of their employees. The techniques for stress reduction of employees, both during office and field work, are severely limited, but they are nevertheless possible and should be adequately employed and developed. In practice, the most frequent conflict situations between various participants are described and recommendations concerning specific measures are given with the purpose of stress reduction in employees

Identification and classification of Serbia's historic floods

River flooding in Serbia is a natural phenomenon which largely exceeds the scope of water management and hydraulic engineering, and has considerable impact on the development of Serbian society. Today, the importance and value of areas threatened by floods are among the key considerations of sustainable development. As a result, flood protection techniques and procedures need to be continually refined and updated, following innovations in the fields of science and technology. Knowledge of high flows is key for sizing hydraulic structures and for gauging the cost-effectiveness and safety of the component structures of flood protection systems. However, sizing of hydraulic structures based on computed high flows does not ensure absolute safety; there is a residual flood risk and a risk of structural failure, if a flood exceeds computed levels. In hydrological practice, such floods are often referred to as historic/loads. The goal of this paper is to present a calculation procedure for the objective identification of historic floods, using long, multiple-year series of data on high flows of natural watercourses in Serbia. At its current stage of development, the calculation procedure is based on maximum annual discharges recorded at key monitoring stations of the Hydro-Meteorological Service of Serbia (HMS Serbia). When applied, the procedure results in the identification of specific historic maximum stages/floods (if any) at all gauge sites included in the analysis. The probabilistic theory is then applied to assess the statistical significance of each identified historic flood and to classify the historic flood, as appropriate. At the end of the paper, the results of the applied methodology are shown in tabular and graphic form for various Serbian rivers. All identified historic floods are ranked based on their probability of occurrence (i.e., return period)

Umfassende Analyse niedriger Wasserstände in der weiteren Zusammenflussregion der Flüsse Drina und Sava

Ideja ovoga rada je da prikaže osnovne rezultate sprovedene sveobuhvatne analize malih voda Save i Drine u zoni ušća Drine. U radu se prikazuju kvantitativne karakteristike malih voda koje se najčešće koriste kao podloga pri projektovanju većine vodoprivrednih i hidrotehničkih objekata. Posebno je detaljno analizirana dužina malovodnih perioda ispod repernih protoka - protoka određenih za izabrana trajanja sa krivih trajanja srednjih dnevnih protoka. Primenjen je novi pristup koji, pored klasične probabilističke analize minimalnih godišnjih i minimalnih srednjih mesečnih protoka, obuhvata i analizu dužina neprekidnih malovodnih perioda sa protocima manjim od protoka karakterističih trajanja, njihovu unutargodišnju raspodelu i zastupljenost. Bazni podaci koji su korišćeni za proračun malih voda su zvanični podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Hrvatske iz Zagreba (DHMZ) i Republičkog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Srbije iz Beograda (RHMZ) na hidrološkim stanicama (HS) Županja i Sremska Mitrovica na reci Savi i Radalj na reci Drini.The idea of this paper is to present the main results of a comprehensive analysis of the Sava and Drina low water discharges in the area of the Drina river mouth. The paper presents the quantitative characteristics of low discharges that are generally used as a basis for designs of the majority of water management and hydrotechnical facilities. The particular focus is a detailed analysis of the length of low discharge periods below the initial discharges, which were determined for selected durations from the curves of average daily discharge durations. A new approach was applied which, in addition to the classic probabilistic analysis of minimum annual and minimum average monthly discharges, also includes the analysis of the length of continuous low discharge periods with discharges lower than the discharges of characteristic durations, their intra-annual distribution and representation. The basic data used for the calculation of low discharges are the official data of the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service from Zagreb (DHMZ) and the Republic Hydrometeorological Institute of Serbia from Belgrade (RHMZ) at the hydrological stations (HS) Županja and Sremska Mitrovica on the Sava River and Radalj on the Drina River.Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die wichtigsten Ergebnisse einer umfassenden Analyse niedriger Wasserstände der Flüsse Drina und Sava in der Zusammenflusszone darzustellen. Es werden quantitative Eigenschaften niedriger Wasserstände dargestellt, die am häufigsten als Grundlage für die Projektierung von meisten wasserwirtschaftlichen Anlagen verwendet werden. Die Länge der Niedrigwasserperioden unterhalb der Schwellenwerte der Durchflüsse wurde detailliert analysiert, welche Durchflüsse für die ausgewählten Dauer anhand der Dauerkurve für die mittleren täglichen Durchflüsse definiert wurden. Ein neuer Ansatz wurde angewendet, der zusätzlich zur klassischen probabilistischen Analyse von minimalen jährlichen und minimalen mittleren monatlichen Durchflüssen auch die Analyse der Länge durchgehender Niedrigwasserperioden mit Durchflüssen kleiner als Durchflüsse charakteristischer Dauer sowie ihre unterjährige Verteilung und Vertretung beinhaltet. Die für die Berechnung niedriger Wasserstände verwendeten Angaben sind offizielle Angaben des kroatischen hydrometeorologischen Instituts (DHMZ) Zagreb und des serbischen hydrometeorologischen Instituts (RHMZ) Belgrad für die hydrologischen Stationen Županja und Sremska Mitrovica auf dem Fluss Sava und Radalj auf dem Fluss Drina

Umfassende Analyse niedriger Wasserstände in der weiteren Zusammenflussregion der Flüsse Drina und Sava

Ideja ovoga rada je da prikaže osnovne rezultate sprovedene sveobuhvatne analize malih voda Save i Drine u zoni ušća Drine. U radu se prikazuju kvantitativne karakteristike malih voda koje se najčešće koriste kao podloga pri projektovanju većine vodoprivrednih i hidrotehničkih objekata. Posebno je detaljno analizirana dužina malovodnih perioda ispod repernih protoka - protoka određenih za izabrana trajanja sa krivih trajanja srednjih dnevnih protoka. Primenjen je novi pristup koji, pored klasične probabilističke analize minimalnih godišnjih i minimalnih srednjih mesečnih protoka, obuhvata i analizu dužina neprekidnih malovodnih perioda sa protocima manjim od protoka karakterističih trajanja, njihovu unutargodišnju raspodelu i zastupljenost. Bazni podaci koji su korišćeni za proračun malih voda su zvanični podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Hrvatske iz Zagreba (DHMZ) i Republičkog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Srbije iz Beograda (RHMZ) na hidrološkim stanicama (HS) Županja i Sremska Mitrovica na reci Savi i Radalj na reci Drini.The idea of this paper is to present the main results of a comprehensive analysis of the Sava and Drina low water discharges in the area of the Drina river mouth. The paper presents the quantitative characteristics of low discharges that are generally used as a basis for designs of the majority of water management and hydrotechnical facilities. The particular focus is a detailed analysis of the length of low discharge periods below the initial discharges, which were determined for selected durations from the curves of average daily discharge durations. A new approach was applied which, in addition to the classic probabilistic analysis of minimum annual and minimum average monthly discharges, also includes the analysis of the length of continuous low discharge periods with discharges lower than the discharges of characteristic durations, their intra-annual distribution and representation. The basic data used for the calculation of low discharges are the official data of the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service from Zagreb (DHMZ) and the Republic Hydrometeorological Institute of Serbia from Belgrade (RHMZ) at the hydrological stations (HS) Županja and Sremska Mitrovica on the Sava River and Radalj on the Drina River.Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die wichtigsten Ergebnisse einer umfassenden Analyse niedriger Wasserstände der Flüsse Drina und Sava in der Zusammenflusszone darzustellen. Es werden quantitative Eigenschaften niedriger Wasserstände dargestellt, die am häufigsten als Grundlage für die Projektierung von meisten wasserwirtschaftlichen Anlagen verwendet werden. Die Länge der Niedrigwasserperioden unterhalb der Schwellenwerte der Durchflüsse wurde detailliert analysiert, welche Durchflüsse für die ausgewählten Dauer anhand der Dauerkurve für die mittleren täglichen Durchflüsse definiert wurden. Ein neuer Ansatz wurde angewendet, der zusätzlich zur klassischen probabilistischen Analyse von minimalen jährlichen und minimalen mittleren monatlichen Durchflüssen auch die Analyse der Länge durchgehender Niedrigwasserperioden mit Durchflüssen kleiner als Durchflüsse charakteristischer Dauer sowie ihre unterjährige Verteilung und Vertretung beinhaltet. Die für die Berechnung niedriger Wasserstände verwendeten Angaben sind offizielle Angaben des kroatischen hydrometeorologischen Instituts (DHMZ) Zagreb und des serbischen hydrometeorologischen Instituts (RHMZ) Belgrad für die hydrologischen Stationen Županja und Sremska Mitrovica auf dem Fluss Sava und Radalj auf dem Fluss Drina

Sveobuhvatna analiza malih voda na širem sektoru ušća reke Drine u reku Savu

Ideja ovoga rada je da prikaže osnovne rezultate sprovedene sveobuhvatne analize malih voda Save i Drine u zoni ušća Drine. U radu se prikazuju kvantitativne karakteristike malih voda koje se najčešće koriste kao podloga pri projektovanju većine vodoprivrednih i hidrotehničkih objekata. Posebno je detaljno analizirana dužina malovodnih perioda ispod repernih protoka - protoka određenih za izabrana trajanja sa krivih trajanja srednjih dnevnih protoka. Primenjen je novi pristup koji, pored klasične probabilističke analize minimalnih godišnjih i minimalnih srednjih mesečnih protoka, obuhvata i analizu dužina neprekidnih malovodnih perioda sa protocima manjim od protoka karakterističih trajanja, njihovu unutargodišnju raspodelu i zastupljenost. Bazni podaci koji su korišćeni za proračun malih voda su zvanični podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Hrvatske iz Zagreba (DHMZ) i Republičkog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Srbije iz Beograda (RHMZ) na hidrološkim stanicama (HS) Županja i Sremska Mitrovica na reci Savi i Radalj na reci Drini

SOCIJALNOPRAVNA ZAŠTITA ZAPOSLENIH OD POVREDA NA RADU I PROFESIONALNIH BOLESTI U PRAVNOM SISTEMU SRBIJE

Occupational safety and health is one of the main goals, as well as challenges, for employers, employees and the state. Although this issue is primarily viewed in the context of labor protection of employees, their protection in the field of social security should not be neglected. This aspect of employee protection is analyzed in the scientific and professional literature, but to a much lesser extent than labor law regulations.This paper analyzes the legal framework in Serbia that regulate the social and legal protection of employees against workplace injuries and occupational diseases. In addition to analyzing the existing legal solutions, we provide a critical review and give recommendations for their improvement.Bezbednost i zdravlje zaposlenih je jedan od glavnih ciljeva, a ujedno i izazova, za poslodavce, zaposlene i državu. Iako se ovo pitanje prevashodno posmatra u kontekstu radnopravne zaštite zaposlenih, ne treba zanemariti ni njihovu zaštitu u oblasti socijalnog osiguranja. U naučnoj i stručnoj literaturi se ovom aspektu zaštite zaposlenih posvećuje pažnja, ali u daleko manjoj meri nego kada je reč o radnopravnoj regulativi.U radu se analizira pozitivnopravna regulativa Srbije kojom je uređena socijalnopravna zaštita zaposlenih od povreda na radu i profesionalnih bolesti. Pored toga što se sagledavaju postojeća pravna rešenja, daje se kritički osvrt na njih i predlažu pravci njihovog unapređenja

STRUČNO USAVRŠAVANJE I OSPOSOBLJAVANJE ZAPOSLENIH U JAVNOM SEKTORU – PRAVNE PRETPOSTAVKE

In the Republic of Serbia, many areas are undergoing reform processes that should bring our country closer to the European Union. This incorporates various activities aimed at achieving this goal. In the public sector, especially in the state administration, local self-government, and public services (primarily educational institutions), there are legal solutions which are considerably harmonized with the practice and legal system of similar European countries. Such is the case with the professional training and development of employees in the state administration, local self-government and public services (especially educational institutions). The necessity for employees' continuing activities in these areas is noticed, not only in terms of professional training, but especially in terms of their own professional development. Employees themselves can deal with that, but it is also the obligation of the institutions in which they work. This is particularly important for public sector employees - in state administration, local self-government and public services. The paper provides a legal framework for professional training and development of employees in the state administration, local self-government and public services, especially in the institutions in the field of education, and suggests some ideas for the improvement of particular legal solutions.U mnogim oblastima u Republici Srbiji u toku su reformski procesi koji treba da približe našu državu Evropskoj uniji. U okviru toga se sprovode različite aktivnosti usmerene ka ovom cilju. U javnom sektoru, naročito u državnoj upravi, lokalnoj samoupravi, ali i javnim službama (posebno u ustanovama u oblasti obrazovanja), definisana su zakonska rešenja koja su u dobroj meri usklađena sa praksom i pravom evropskih država sličnih nama. Takav je slučaj i sa stručnim osposobljavanjem i usavršavanjem zaposlenih u državnoj upravi, lokalnoj samoupravi, javnim službama (naročito ustanovama u obrazovanju). Uočava se neophodnost kontinuiranih aktivnosti zaposlenih u ovim oblastima, ne samo u smislu profesionalnog osposobljavanja, već naročito u smislu sopstvenog stručnog usavršavanja. O tome mogu voditi računa sami zaposleni, ali je to i obaveza institucija u kojima rade. Ovo je naročito važno za zaposlene u javnom sektoru – u državnoj upravi, lokalnoj samoupravi i javnim službama. U radu je dat pravni okvir stručnog osposobljavanja i usavršavanja zaposlenih u državnoj upravi, lokalnoj samoupravi i u javnim službama, naročito u ustanovama u oblasti obrazovanja, i ukazano je na moguća unapređenja nekih pravnih rešenja

PRAVNA REGULATIVA U OBLASTI UPRAVLJANJA POLIHLOROVANIM BIFENILIMA

Polychlorinated biphenyls are a type of persistent organic pollutants that have been produced all over the world due to their favorable physicochemical properties. After the prohibition of their production and use, they have become a serious problem in terms of the destruction of existing quantities bearing in mind their wide and varied application. They are still capable of being released into the atmosphere today. As they are still present in the environment, an important issue of the environmental protection policy is the legal regulation of polychlorinated biphenyls management. On the international level, the Stockholm, Basel and Rotterdam Conventions are particularly important. On the national level, the Law on Chemicals, the Law on Waste Management and the Rulebook on Restrictions and Prohibitions on the Production, Placing on the Market and Use of Chemicals are of particular importance in this area.Polihlorovani bifenili pripadaju grupi jedinjenja poznatoj kao perzistentne organske zagađujuće supstance koji su se, zahvaljujući svojim povoljnim fizičko-hemijskim osobinama, proizvodili širom sveta. Zbog široke i raznovrsne primene, oni su, nakon zabrane proizvodnje i korišćenja, postali veliki problem sa aspekta uništenja postojećih količina, a i danas se mogu emitovati u životnu sredinu. Kako su oni prisutni u životnoj sredini i danas, značajno pitanje politike zaštite životne sredine jeste pravno uređenje upravljanja polihlorovanim bifenilima. Na međunarodnom planu posebno su značajne Stokholmska, Bazelska i Roterdamska konvencija. Na nacionalnom planu za ovu oblast su naročito od značaja Zakon o hemikalijama, Zakon o upravljanju otpadom i Pravilnik o ograničenjima i zabranama proizvodnje, stavljanja u promet i korišćenju hemikalija.)

OSIGURANJE KAO PRETPOSTAVKA UPRAVLJANJA RIZICIMA U RADNOJ I ŽIVOTNOJ SREDINI

Insurance is an economic and service activity that protects people and their property from the consequences of numerous hazards. Therefore, insurance companies face the risk of financial loss. Improperinsurance premiums caused by an inadequate risk assessment that is assumed in insurance are the most common cause of such losses. In order to minimize the possibility of unwanted losses, it is necessary to carry out adequate business management processes in insurance. In doing so, special attention should be paid to the risk assessment process. A quality risk assessment is of the utmost importance for the functioning of the overall insurance system. Insurance itself can play a significant role in managing the risks in working and living environment whereas the legal regulation gives security to the insurance entities.Osiguranje predstavlja privrednu, uslužnu delatnost koja štiti čoveka i njegovu imovinu od posledica nastupanja brojnih opasnosti. Pri tome, osiguravajuća društva susreću se sa rizikom od nastanka finansijskog gubitka. Neadekvatno utvrđene premije osiguranja usled neadekvatne procene rizika koji se preuzima u osiguranje prepoznate su kao najčešći uzrok ovih gubitaka. Kako bi mogućnost neželjenih gubitaka bila svedena na minimum neophodno je sprovođenje adekvatnih aktivnosti upravljanja poslovnim procesima osiguranja. Pri tome, posebnu pažnju potrebno je posvetiti procesu procene rizika. Kvalitetna procena rizika od izuzetnog je značaja za funkcionisanje celokupnog sistema osiguranja. Samo osiguranje može imati veoma značajnu ulogu u upravljanju rizicima u radnoj životnoj sredini, a pravno uređenje obavljanja ovih poslova uliva sigurnost subjektima osiguranja