Efficiency of degreasing by dishwashing detergents

Consumption of agents for manual and machine washing of dishes is constantly increasing. Although the growth of the use of dishwashers is evident, hand dishwashing is still dominant in our region. A good dishwashing detergent must effectively remove food residues and degrease the surface of dishes, made of different materials, while the surfaces of washed dishes should remain smooth, shiny with a pleasant smell of freshness. The requirements of consumers-users of these funds are, in addition to the listed basic functions, also practicality of handling and dosing, pleasant smell and mild action on the hands and acceptable price. The aim of this paper is to examine the degreasing efficiency of commercial detergents from our market on four types of fats. In addition to commercial dishwashing detergents, whose composition is known only roughly indicated in the producer declaration, was tested a laboratory prepared sample with exactly known composition. All tests of the degreasing ability of dishes with different types of impurities were performed under the same conditions with a change in the concentration and type of detergent, and according to the method used by some industrial detergent manufacturers. It was found that in addition to the concentration of detergent in the washing solution, the degreasing efficiency is affected by the type and concentration of surfactants, as well as auxiliary components that are part of the product

TESTING OF SMALL HOUSEHOLD BIOMASS BOILERS FROM THE ASPECT OF WASTE GAS EMISSIONS

The use of biomass for energetic purposes is actual issue from different aspect of views, such as economy, used technologies, combustion specifications, environmental issues, etc. Different types of biomass are available on the market today. During the combustion process in furnaces, these types of biomass behave differently due to their specific physicochemical properties. In this research, used biomass types were wood biomass, soybean straw and chamomile waste from medicinal herbs processing. Pellet combustion was performed in a commercial furnace that was designed to heat the living space by burning wood pellets. Furnace was installed with measurement system for emissions of combustion products. The current law regulation of the Republic of Srpska in the field of environmental protection does not include testing of emissions of combustion products for plants with power less than 100 kW. In this research, the influence of pellet type on concentrations of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides was investigated, as well as the volume content of oxygen in the waste gas for plants with power less than 100 kW. Also, it was investigated whether the addition of additives (clay, kaolinite, bentonite), used to improve the melting characteristics of ash, has an effect on reducing the emission of combustion products. The results obtained by measuring the gas emissions are compared with the standard EN 14785 which is related to the emission of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. During this research, characteristic of ash left after combustion of tested pellets was examined. According to these examinations, it can be pointed out that potential problems can occur when burning these types of pellets in small household heating furnaces

The effect of diethyldithicarbarnate on antioxidant enzyme activities in the blood of rats

Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) exhibits a variety of effects including neurotoxic, radio-protective and sensitizing activity. It is a potent copper chelating agent used for the treatment of oxygen toxicity, as an imunomodulator in cancer therapy, as well as in HIV infected patients. In this study we examined the effect of DDC, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, on the activities of copper-zinc containing superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Three hours after diethyldithiocar-bamate treatment (1 g/kg b.m, i.p) a significant decrease of SOD and increase of GR and GST activities were found in the blood of rats. A negative correlation between SOD and GR and a positive correlation between GR and GST activities were also obtained. DDC induced a concentration dependent increase of GR activity and NADPH consumption in an enzymatic assay in vitro. The obtained results may be interpreted to indicate that a decrease in SOD activity in the blood of rats, after DDC administration, may be compensated for by changes in the activity of some other compounds suggesting that regulation of antioxidative defence is very complex.Dietilditiokarbamat (DDC) ispoljava različite uticaje kao što su neurotoksičnost, radioprotekcija i senzibilizacja. On je snažan helirajući agens za bakar i koristi se u tretiranju kiseonične toksičnosti imunomodulaciji kao i kod pacijenata zaraženih HIV virusom. U ovom radu smo proučavali uticaj DDC, inhibitora superoksid dismutaze (SOD), na aktivnost bakar cink sadržavajuće superoksid dismutaze (CuZn SOD), katalaze (CAT) glutation peroksidaze (GSH-Px), glutation reduktaze (GR) i glutation-S-transferaze (GST).Tretiranje pacova dietilditiokarbamatom u trajanju od tri časa (1g/kgt.m, i.p) dovodi do značajnogsmanjenja aktivnosti CuZn SOD i povećanja aktivnosti GR i GST u krvi pacova. Takodje je dobijena negativna korelacija izmedju SOD i GR aktivnosti. DDC indukuje povećanje GR aktivnosti koje je koncentraciono zavisno kao i NADPH potrošnju u in vitro enzimatskom eseju. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na činjenicu da smanjivanje aktivnosti SOD u krvi pacova posle tretiranja DDCom može biti kompenzovano promenom aktivnosti drugih komponenti što dalje sugeriše da je regulacija antioksidacione zaštite veoma kompleksna.nul

The potential role of metal-induced oxidative stress in human pancreatic cancer: Preliminary results.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer and a worldwide health treat. However, it is rather unclear which environmental pollutants can be linked to PC development. Exposure to toxic metals through various sources can be one of the risk factors, especially having in mind that some toxic metals can induce oxidative stress, which has already been associated with the pathogenesis of PC. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), toxic metals of great environmental concern known to induce oxidative stress, in the blood of PC patients and healthy control subjects, as well as to examine the following biomarkers of oxidative stress: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), sulfhydrylgroups (SH), and lipid peroxides (TBARS) in blood. Blood samples were obtained from 15 PC patients and 7 healthy subjects. The present study demonstrated a significant increase in Pb concentrations in patients with carcinoma when compared to healthy subjects (p<0.05), while no significant differences were observed in Cd levels. The activities of SOD and CAT, as well as the concentration of SH groups, were significantly higher in people with PC compared with controls (p<0.05) proving oxidative stress induction in the blood of PC patients. This work contributes to a better understanding of the potential role of metal-induced oxidative stress in PC aetiology. However, confirmation of these pilot findings in a larger study is needed

The Effects of a Meldonium Pre-Treatment on the Course of the Faecal-Induced Sepsis in Rats

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the dysregulated and overwhelming response to infection, accompanied by an exaggerated pro-inflammatory state and lipid metabolism disturbance leading to sequential organ failure. Meldonium is an anti-ischemic and anti-inflammatory agent which negatively interferes with lipid metabolism by shifting energy production from fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis, as a less oxygen-demanding pathway. Thus, we investigated the effects of a four-week meldonium pre-treatment on faecal-induced sepsis in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Surprisingly, under septic conditions, meldonium increased animal mortality rate compared with the meldonium non-treated group. However, analysis of the tissue oxidative status did not provide support for the detrimental effects of meldonium, nor did the analysis of the tissue inflammatory status showing anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-necrotic effects of meldonium. After performing tissue lipidomic analysis, we concluded that the potential cause of the meldonium harmful effect is to be found in the overall decreased lipid metabolism. The present study underlines the importance of uninterrupted energy production in sepsis, closely drawing attention to the possible harmful effects of lipid-mobilization impairment caused by certain therapeutics. This could lead to the much-needed revision of the existing guidelines in the clinical treatment of sepsis while paving the way for discovering new therapeutic approaches

Resistance of the leather-rubber adhesive joint when making the shoe upper

The professional literature dealing with specific aspects of adhesive joints in the footwear industry is mainly devoted to the procedures of preparation, bonding and testing of the connection between the upper and the sole material of fashion and sports footwear. However, there is little research related to the requirements and quality testing of adhesive joints of shoe upper parts. Safety and occupational footwear, which is intended for specific occupations such as firefighters, police officers, soldiers and others, as such has specific requirements in terms of resistance to various types of solvents, high and/or low temperatures, shocks, etc., and in addition it should be comfortable and long-lasting. For these reasons, the upper of this type of footwear differs significantly from the footwear used in everyday life. It is usually a very complex construction and is made of a large number of different natural and artificial materials such as: leather, rubber, polyurethane, synthetic membranes, etc., which are interconnected by bonding or stitching. The aim of this study was to examine how the number of adhesive coatings and their characteristics affect the strength of the natural leather – rubber adhesive joint in the manufacture of shoes for special purposes. The strength of the leather-to-rubber adhesive joint depends significantly on the number of adhesive coatings and the viscosity of the adhesive

The effect of diethyldithicarbarnate on antioxidant enzyme activities in the blood of rats

Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) exhibits a variety of effects including neurotoxic, radio-protective and sensitizing activity. It is a potent copper chelating agent used for the treatment of oxygen toxicity, as an imunomodulator in cancer therapy, as well as in HIV infected patients. In this study we examined the effect of DDC, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, on the activities of copper-zinc containing superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Three hours after diethyldithiocar-bamate treatment (1 g/kg b.m, i.p) a significant decrease of SOD and increase of GR and GST activities were found in the blood of rats. A negative correlation between SOD and GR and a positive correlation between GR and GST activities were also obtained. DDC induced a concentration dependent increase of GR activity and NADPH consumption in an enzymatic assay in vitro. The obtained results may be interpreted to indicate that a decrease in SOD activity in the blood of rats, after DDC administration, may be compensated for by changes in the activity of some other compounds suggesting that regulation of antioxidative defence is very complex.Dietilditiokarbamat (DDC) ispoljava različite uticaje kao što su neurotoksičnost, radioprotekcija i senzibilizacja. On je snažan helirajući agens za bakar i koristi se u tretiranju kiseonične toksičnosti imunomodulaciji kao i kod pacijenata zaraženih HIV virusom. U ovom radu smo proučavali uticaj DDC, inhibitora superoksid dismutaze (SOD), na aktivnost bakar cink sadržavajuće superoksid dismutaze (CuZn SOD), katalaze (CAT) glutation peroksidaze (GSH-Px), glutation reduktaze (GR) i glutation-S-transferaze (GST).Tretiranje pacova dietilditiokarbamatom u trajanju od tri časa (1g/kgt.m, i.p) dovodi do značajnogsmanjenja aktivnosti CuZn SOD i povećanja aktivnosti GR i GST u krvi pacova. Takodje je dobijena negativna korelacija izmedju SOD i GR aktivnosti. DDC indukuje povećanje GR aktivnosti koje je koncentraciono zavisno kao i NADPH potrošnju u in vitro enzimatskom eseju. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na činjenicu da smanjivanje aktivnosti SOD u krvi pacova posle tretiranja DDCom može biti kompenzovano promenom aktivnosti drugih komponenti što dalje sugeriše da je regulacija antioksidacione zaštite veoma kompleksna.nul