STABILITIY OF THE SYNTAGMATIC PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

The aim of the present study is to establish criteria for the optimal sizeof a corpus that can provide stable conditional probabilities of morphologicaland/or syntagmatic types. The optimality of corpus size is defined in terms ofthe smallest sample that generates probability distribution equal to distributionderived from the large sample that generates stable probabilities. The latterdistribution we refer to as “target distribution”. In order to establish theabove criteria we varied the sample size, the word sequence size (bigrams andtrigrams), sampling procedure (randomly chosen words and continuous text)and position of the target word in a sequence. The obtained distributions ofconditional probabilities derived from smaller samples have been correlatedwith target distributions. Sample size at which probability distribution reachesmaximal correlation (r=1) with the target distribution was taken as beingoptimal. The research was done on Corpus of Serbian language. In case ofbigrams the optimal sample size for random word selection is 65.000 words,and 281.000 words for trigrams. In contrast, continuous text sampling requiresmuch larger samples to reach stability: 810.000 words for bigrams and 868.000words for trigrams. The factors that caused these differences remain unclear andneed additional empirical investigation

Primary and secondary dendrite spacing of Ni-based superalloy single crystals

Ni-based superalloy single crystals were grown by different methods (gradient method and Bridgman technique with spontaneous nucleation and with seed). In all crystal growth experiments using the Bridgman technique, the temperature gradient along the vertical furnace axes was constant (G = 33.5 °C/cm). The obtained single crystals were cut, mechanical and chemical polished, and chemically etched. Using a metallographic microscope, the spacing of the primary and secondary dendrites was investigated. The dendrite arm spacing (DAS) was determined using a Quantimet 500 MC. The obtained results are discussed and compared with published data

The Missing Link between Morphemic Assemblies and Behavioral Responses:a Bayesian Information-Theoretical model of lexical processing

We present the Bayesian Information-Theoretical (BIT) model of lexical processing: A mathematical model illustrating a novel approach to the modelling of language processes. The model shows how a neurophysiological theory of lexical processing relying on Hebbian association and neural assemblies can directly account for a variety of effects previously observed in behavioural experiments. We develop two information-theoretical measures of the distribution of usages of a morpheme or word, and use them to predict responses in three visual lexical decision datasets investigating inflectional morphology and polysemy. Our model offers a neurophysiological basis for the effects of morpho-semantic neighbourhoods. These results demonstrate how distributed patterns of activation naturally result in the arisal of symbolic structures. We conclude by arguing that the modelling framework exemplified here, is a powerful tool for integrating behavioural and neurophysiological results

Deep Sequencing and Functional Analyses Identify a Role of Fusobacterium Species in Colorectal Tumorigenesis

The tumor microenvironment is a complex community consisting of neoplastic cells, surrounding stromal cells, a broad array of immune cells, and a microbiota. By sheer numbers, the microbiota has its greatest manifestation in colorectal cancer (CRC) because the colon contains up to 100 trillion bacteria, outnumbering human cells by a factor of 10 and encoding a gene-content that is 100-fold larger than that of the human genome. Indeed, previous studies using germ-free mice in a variety of genetic backgrounds have demonstrated that the microbiota can impact colorectal tumorigenesis. In addition, specific strains of enterotoxigenic bacteria have been shown to promote colitis-associated cancer in mice. Here, we explore the composition of the tissue-associated microbiota in human CRC and evaluate the role of tumor-enriched microbes in potentiating colorectal tumorigenesis in mice. Advances in DNA sequencing technology have fueled a renaissance in the microbiome field. Deep sequencing metagenomics enables rapid, culture-independent characterization of a microbial community. We present PathSeq, a highly scalable software tool that performs computational subtraction on high-throughput sequencing data to identify nonhuman nucleic acids. PathSeq makes it possible to analyze sequence datasets as large as human whole-genomes for the purpose of metagenomics and also to discover previously unsequenced microorganisms. We used PathSeq to characterize the composition of the microbiota in human CRCusing whole-genome sequencing on nine tumor/normal pairs and 16S rDNA sequencing on an additional 95 pairs. The genus Fusobacterium was highly enriched in tumors, while the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla were depleted.We show that in the $Apc^{Min/+}$ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis, Fusobacterium nucleatum increases tumor multiplicity, selectively recruits tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, and is associated with a pro-inflammatory expression signature that is shared with human fusobacteria-positive colorectal carcinomas. We find that Fusobacterium spp. are enriched in human colonic adenomas relative to surrounding tissues and fusobacterial abundance is increased in stool samples from patients with colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, compared to healthy subjects. Collectively, these data support that fusobacteria may be involved in early stages of intestinal tumorigenesis and, through recruitment of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, may generate a pro-inflammatory tissue microenvironment conducive to colorectal neoplasia progression

Influence of Single and Double Membrane Roofs on Thermal Behaviour of Enclosed Space

Even though membrane structures have been increasingly used in the world, their energy efficiency is very unfavourable due to poor thermal properties. This causes relatively high consumption of heating energy in the winter, as well energy consumed for the operation of air-conditioning during the summer, that is, under circumstances which require thermal comfort. Since thermal comfort depends on the air temperature and temperature of the interior surfaces of the envelope, this paper presents a study of the measurement and comparison of temperatures of single and double membrane structures in the summer period. Data collection was accomplished by measuring two adjacent structures, one covered with single and the other covered by a double membrane. Verification of the measured data was performed by comparing it with the official measured temperatures in the same period. The air temperatures were measured in all the separate air compartments and particular surfaces of each membrane. By analysing the measured data and their classification based on daylight and night-time periods, certain conclusions were drawn about the influence of an additional layer of membrane on the temperature of the air inside a covered structure

Influence of the orientation of steel parts produced by DMLS on the fatigue behaviour

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. The goal of this paper is to present studies of the influence of orientation of steel samples during additive manufacturing to their fatigue behaviour. The samples were produced from maraging steel EOS MS1 and stainless steel EOS PH1 using direct laser metal sintering technology. Three sets of samples were manufactured for each of the materials, with slopes of longitudinal axis of the samples being 0° (horizontal), 45° (slanted) and 90° (vertical) with respect to the horizontal building plane. All the samples were post-processed by heat treatment, shot-peening and machining, and tested according to the ISO 1143 standard. The curves for finite life domain were calculated using ISO 12107, and an estimation of the fatigue limit was made by Dixon-Mood method. The obtained results show that the building orientation has no significant influence on fatigue strength of maraging steel samples, while the stainless steel samples with slanted orientation of the axis have fatigue strength of up to 20% higher than the samples with horizontal or vertical orientation of the axis.The authors wish to acknowledge the support of European Commission through the project “Advanced design rules for optimal dynamic properties of additive manufacturing products – A_MADAM”, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 734455.The authors wish to acknowledge the support of European Commission through the project “Advanced design rules for optimal dynamic properties of additive manufacturing products – A_MADAM”, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 734455

Fatigue response of as built DMLS processed Maraging Steel and effects of machining and heat and surface treatments

The main motivations for this study arise from the need for an assessment of the fatigue performance of DMLS produced Maraging Steel MS1, when it is used in the \u201cas fabricated\u201d state. The literature indicates a lack of knowledge from this point of view, moreover the great potentials of the additive process may be more and more incremented, if an easier and cheaper procedure could be used after the building stage. The topic has been tackled experimentally, investigating the impact of heat treatment, machining and micro-shot-peening on the fatigue strength with respect to the \u201cas built state\u201d. The results indicate that heat treatment significantly enhances the fatigue response, probably due to the relaxation of the post-process tensile residual stresses. Machining can also be effective, but it must be followed (not preceded) by micro-shot-peening, to benefit from the compressive residual stress state generated by the latter