Diseño de un aerogenerador con fines didácticos

En el presente artículo, se muestra la propuesta de diseño de un aerogenerador para las condiciones meteorológicas del municipio de Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México. Dicho aerogenerador servirá para demostrar los beneficios de aprovechar las energías renovables, en este caso el viento, para producir energía eléctrica, obteniendo reducción en el consumo de combustibles fósiles y emisión de gases de efecto invernadero.Presently article, the proposal of design of an aerogenerador is shown for the meteorological conditions of the municipality of Cuautitlán Izcalli, State of Mexico. This aerogenerador will be good to demonstrate the benefits of taking advantage of the renewable energy, in this case the wind, to produce electric power, obtaining reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels and emission of gases of effect hothouse.Fil: Hernandez, Victor. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: González, Gilberto. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Cruz, Alberto O.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Morillón, David. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Mesa, Nestor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentin

The Presidency and the Executive Branch in Latin America: What We Know and What We Need to Know

The presidential politics literature depicts presidents either as all- powerful actors or figureheads and seeks to explain outcomes accordingly. Th e president and the executive branch are nonetheless usually treated as black boxes, particularly i n developing countries, even though the presidency has evolved into an extremely complex branch of government. While these developments have been studied in the U nited States, far less i s known in other countries, particularly in Latin America, where presi dential systems have been considered the source of all goods and evils. To help close the knowledge gap and explore differences in policymaking characteristics not only between Latin America and the US but also across Latin American countries, this paper s ummarizes the vast literature on the organization and resources of the Executive Branch in the Americas and sets a research agenda for the study of Latin American presidencies.Fil: Bonvecchi, Alejandro. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella. Departamento de Ciencia Política y Estudios Internacionales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Scartascini, Juan Carlos. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; Estados Unido

Divergent short- and long-term effects of acute stress in object recognition memory are mediated by endogenous opioid system activation

Acute stress induces short-term object recognition memory impairment and elicits endogenous opioid system activation. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate whether opiate system activation mediates the acute stress-induced object recognition memory changes. Adult male Wistar rats were trained in an object recognition task designed to test both short- and long-term memory. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive an intraperitoneal injection of saline, 1. mg/kg naltrexone or 3. mg/kg naltrexone, four and a half hours before the sample trial. Five minutes after the injection, half the subjects were submitted to movement restraint during four hours while the other half remained in their home cages. Non-stressed subjects receiving saline (control) performed adequately during the short-term memory test, while stressed subjects receiving saline displayed impaired performance. Naltrexone prevented such deleterious effect, in spite of the fact that it had no intrinsic effect on short-term object recognition memory. Stressed subjects receiving saline and non-stressed subjects receiving naltrexone performed adequately during the long-term memory test; however, control subjects as well as stressed subjects receiving a high dose of naltrexone performed poorly. Control subjects' dissociated performance during both memory tests suggests that the short-term memory test induced a retroactive interference effect mediated through light opioid system activation; such effect was prevented either by low dose naltrexone administration or by strongly activating the opioid system through acute stress. Both short-term memory retrieval impairment and long-term memory improvement observed in stressed subjects may have been mediated through strong opioid system activation, since they were prevented by high dose naltrexone administration. Therefore, the activation of the opioid system plays a dual modulating role in object recognition memory. © 2013 Elsevier Inc

Efectos agudos de ? amiloide (25–35 y 1–40) sobre la actividad oscilatoria y la plasticidad sináptica en el circuito CA3 – CA1 del hipocampo

La evidencia reciente sugiere que las especies de amiloide ? (A?) soluble inducen un desequilibrio de los sistemas glutamatérgico, colinérgico y GABAérgico, lo que resulta en un deterioro funcional de la red neuronal durante las primeras etapas de la enfermedad de Alzheimer(ANUNCIO). Dada la importancia crítica de la actividad oscilatoria finamente ajustada a través del complejo fimbria / fornix para el aprendizaje dependiente del hipocampo y los procesos de memoria, dicha disfunción inducida por A? resulta particularmente perjudicial. Se utilizó la inyección aguda de A? intrahippocampal en ratas anestesiadas para evaluar los efectos de las variantes solubles de A? (25-35 y 1-40) sobre la plasticidad sináptica y la actividad oscilatoria en el circuito comisural CA3 a CA1 del hipocampo. Se encontró una potenciación a largo plazo deteriorada (LTP) después de la inyección de A? soluble en CA1. La actividad oscilatoria CA1 inducida por estimulación contralateral CA1 distribución de potencia espectral cambió significativamente 60 min después de la estimulación de alta frecuencia (HFS) debido a los cambios theta y gamma en la densidad espectral de potencia (PSD). Además, la mejora del acoplamiento de la amplitud de fase delta a gamma inducida por HFS se vio significativamente afectada después de A? 25-35 o A? 1-40. Por lo tanto, este trabajo muestra evidencia de que el deterioro de la actividad de la red neuronal inducida por la especie A? soluble está asociado con cambios en la actividad oscilatoria y la plasticidad sináptica en el circuito hipocampal CA3 – CA1. Además, los procedimientos analíticos desarrollados ad hoc establecidos para este estudio son un enfoque de modelo útil no solo para caracterizar la organización y la dinámica de la actividad oscilatoria, sino también para comprender la fisiopatología de la EA, lo que sugiere que la disfunción oscilatoria es un biomarcador de patología A? temprano útil.Recent evidence suggests that soluble amyloid ? (A?) species induce glutamatergic, cholinergic and GABAergic systems imbalance resulting in neural network functional impairment during early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given the critical relevance of finely-tuned oscillatory activity via fimbria/fornix complex for hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes, such A? induced dysfunction results particularly deleterious. Acute intrahippocampal A? injection in anesthetized rats was used to evaluate soluble A? variants (25–35 and 1–40) effects on synaptic plasticity and oscillatory activity in the commissural CA3 to CA1 circuit of the hippocampus. Impaired long- term potentiation (LTP) was found after soluble A? injection in CA1. Contralateral CA3 stimulation-induced CA1 oscillatory activity spectral power distribution significantly changed 60 min after high frequency stimulation (HFS) due to theta and gamma band changes in power spectral density (PSD). Moreover, HFS-induced delta to gamma phase-amplitude coupling enhancement was significantly impaired after either A? 25–35 or A? 1–40. Therefore, this work shows evidence that soluble A? species-induced neural network activity impairment is associated with changes on oscillatory activity and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA3–CA1 circuit. In addition the ad hoc developed analytic procedures set up for this study are a useful model approach not only to characterize oscillatory activity organization and dynamics, but also for understanding AD pathophysiology, suggesting that oscillatory dysfunction as a useful early A? pathology biomarker

Volumen 18 Número 1

Revista seriada del Instituto Humboldt en asocio con el Invemar, el Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (ICN) y el Missouri Botanical Garden, como una estrategia para ampliar la base del conocimiento de uno de los países con mayor diversidad biológica del mundo. Inicia como una publicación de listados de especies pero en 2005 amplía su espectro temático hacia la sistemática y la biogeografía. En 2010, a propósito del Año Internacional de la Biodiversidad y en pro del conocimiento, la conservación y el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad, se abre a un público más amplio, considerando trabajos inéditos de investigación sobre botánica, zoología, ecología, biología, limnología, pesquerías, conservación, manejo de recursos y uso de la biodiversidad, con buena aceptación por parte de la comunidad científica y académica. En 2013, en asocio con el SiB Colombia y con el apoyo de la GBIF, se institucionaliza la inclusión de Artículos de Datos (Data Papers) en Biota Colombiana

Unexpected relevant role of gene mosaicism in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases

BACKGROUND: Postzygotic de novo mutations lead to the phenomenon of gene mosaicism. The 3 main types are called somatic, gonadal, and gonosomal mosaicism, which differ in terms of the body distribution of postzygotic mutations. Mosaicism has been reported occasionally in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) since the early 1990s, but its real involvement has not been systematically addressed. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the incidence of gene mosaicism in patients with PIDs. METHODS: The amplicon-based deep sequencing method was used in the 3 parts of the study that establish (1) the allele frequency of germline variants (n = 100), (2) the incidence of parental gonosomal mosaicism in families with PIDs with de novo mutations (n = 92), and (3) the incidence of mosaicism in families with PIDs with moderate-to-high suspicion of gene mosaicism (n = 36). Additional investigations evaluated body distribution of postzygotic mutations, their stability over time, and their characteristics. RESULTS: The range of allele frequency (44.1% to 55.6%) was established for germline variants. Those with minor allele frequencies of less than 44.1% were assumed to be postzygotic. Mosaicism was detected in 30 (23.4%) of 128 families with PIDs, with a variable minor allele frequency (0.8% to 40.5%). Parental gonosomal mosaicism was detected in 6 (6.5%) of 92 families with de novo mutations, and a high incidence of mosaicism (63.9%) was detected among families with moderate-to-high suspicion of gene mosaicism. In most analyzed cases mosaicism was found to be both uniformly distributed and stable over time. CONCLUSION: This study represents the largest performed to date to investigate mosaicism in patients with PIDs, revealing that it affects approximately 25% of enrolled families. Our results might have serious consequences regarding treatment and genetic counseling and reinforce the use of next-generation sequencing-based methods in the routine analyses of PIDs

Biota Colombiana Volumen 18 No. 1 (2017)

Volumen 18 Número 1 de la revista Biota ColombianaBogotá, Colombi