What are the key issues regarding the role of geothermal energy in meeting energy needs in the global south?

Globally, the potential of geothermal far exceeds that of all other renewable sources together, although investment in the other sources to date has far exceeded investment in geothermal. World Energy Assessment estimates in 2000 for the global potential of all renewables (EJ/yr) were Geothermal 5000, Solar 1575, Wind 640, Biomass 276, Hydro 50, giving a total of 7541 (UNDP, 2000). When installed, geothermal plants have a far higher capacity factor than other sources (solar depends on the level of direct insolation, wind power on wind, etc.); estimates (REN21, 2009) give wind-power 21%, solar PV 14% but geothermal is at least as high as 75% and often more than 95%, given that once a plant is established it operates continuously except for routine down-time for maintenance and rare break-downs

Scoping Potential Routes to UK Civil Unrest via the Food System: Results of a Structured Expert Elicitation

 We report the results of a structured expert elicitation to identify the  most likely types of potential food system disruption scenarios for the  UK, focusing on routes to civil unrest. We take a backcasting approach  by defining as an end-point a societal event in which 1 in 2000 people  have been injured in the UK, which 40% of experts rated as “Possible  (20–50%)”, “More likely than not (50–80%)” or “Very likely (>80%)”  over the coming decade. Over a timeframe of 50 years, this increased to  80% of experts. The experts considered two food system scenarios and  ranked their plausibility of contributing to the given societal  scenario. For a timescale of 10 years, the majority identified a food  distribution problem as the most likely. Over a timescale of 50 years,  the experts were more evenly split between the two scenarios, but over  half thought the most likely route to civil unrest would be a lack of  total food in the UK. However, the experts stressed that the various  causes of food system disruption are interconnected and can create  cascading risks, highlighting the importance of a systems approach. We  encourage food system stakeholders to use these results in their risk  planning and recommend future work to support prevention, preparedness,  response and recovery planning. </p

Scoping Potential Routes to UK Civil Unrest via the Food System: Results of a Structured Expert Elicitation

 We report the results of a structured expert elicitation to identify the  most likely types of potential food system disruption scenarios for the  UK, focusing on routes to civil unrest. We take a backcasting approach  by defining as an end-point a societal event in which 1 in 2000 people  have been injured in the UK, which 40% of experts rated as “Possible  (20–50%)”, “More likely than not (50–80%)” or “Very likely (>80%)”  over the coming decade. Over a timeframe of 50 years, this increased to  80% of experts. The experts considered two food system scenarios and  ranked their plausibility of contributing to the given societal  scenario. For a timescale of 10 years, the majority identified a food  distribution problem as the most likely. Over a timescale of 50 years,  the experts were more evenly split between the two scenarios, but over  half thought the most likely route to civil unrest would be a lack of  total food in the UK. However, the experts stressed that the various  causes of food system disruption are interconnected and can create  cascading risks, highlighting the importance of a systems approach. We  encourage food system stakeholders to use these results in their risk  planning and recommend future work to support prevention, preparedness,  response and recovery planning. </p

Assessing the Emissions Related to European Households’ Expenditures and Their Impact on Achieving Carbon Neutrality

The European Green Deal comprises various policy initiatives with the goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050. The “Fit for 55 packages” include the Social Climate Fund, which aims to help, among others, vulnerable households and transport users meet the costs of the green energy transition. Thus, analyzing households’ expenditures and the associated carbon emissions is crucial to achieving a net-zero society. In the present study, we combine scenarios of households’ expenditures according to the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose with economic decoupling scenarios to assess, for the first time, the European carbon budget allocation on a consumption basis. Expenditure projections based on socioeconomic scenarios were calculated using the Bayesian structural time series, and the associated emissions were estimated through the greenhouse gas intensity of the Gross Domestic Product. The model can be used to report the carbon budget of households and monitor the effectiveness of the measures funded by the Social Climate Fund. However, the emissions burden obtained by means of averaged greenhouse gas intensity of Gross Domestic Product results in a rough approximation of outcomes, and more accurate indicators should be developed across the member states.</p

PRISMA Flowchart overview of the results of retrieving, screening and including review papers.

<p>PRISMA Flowchart overview of the results of retrieving, screening and including review papers.</p

Tradition 2: Interventions to improve care planning and coordination in the UK.

<p>Tradition 2: Interventions to improve care planning and coordination in the UK.</p

Inclusion and exclusion criteria used to guide the search of literature.

<p>Inclusion and exclusion criteria used to guide the search of literature.</p

Tradition 2: Interventions to improve care planning and coordination in the international literature.

<p>Tradition 2: Interventions to improve care planning and coordination in the international literature.</p

Tradition 1: Evaluations of effects of CPA on the organization, management and delivery of services.

<p>Tradition 1: Evaluations of effects of CPA on the organization, management and delivery of services.</p

Tradition 3: Service users’ and carers’ experiences and involvement in CPA.

<p>Tradition 3: Service users’ and carers’ experiences and involvement in CPA.</p