Systematic Review of Peer-Reviewed Literature on Global Condom Promotion Programs.

Background: Globally, 1.7 million people were newly infected with HIV in 2018. Condoms are inexpensive, cost-effective, reduce HIV/STI incidence, morbidity, mortality, and unintended pregnancies, and result in health care cost savings. Given the rapid increase in at-risk adolescent and young adult (AYA) populations in countries with high HIV/STI prevalence as well as the reductions in donor support, promoting consistent condom use remains crucial. We synthesized all peer-reviewed literature on condom promotion programs with a focus on promotion in low and lower middle income (LMIC) countries and with AYA users. Methods: We systematically reviewed the published literature. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methods, we identified 99 articles published between 2000–2019. Results: Condom promotion programs were generally effective in changing attitudes, social norms, and beliefs in favor of condom use, and 85% demonstrated positive effects on multiple condom use measures. Programs targeting AYA were at least equally as effective as those targeting others and often showed greater use of best practices, such as mass media (66%) and audience segmentation (31%). We also saw differences between programs in the intervention strategies they used and found greater effects of marketing strategies on AYA compared to the overall sample. Conclusion: Condoms remain essential to prevention, and donor support must be maintained to combat the HIV/STI epidemic

Willingness to Pay for Condoms among Men in Sub-Saharan Africa

HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to be among the greatest public health threats worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Condom use remains an essential intervention to eradicate AIDS, and condom use is now higher than ever. However, free and subsidized condom funding is declining. Research on how to create healthy markets based on willingness to pay for condoms is critically important. This research has three primary aims: (1) willingness of free condom users in five African countries to pay for socially marketed condoms; (2) the relationship between specific population variables and condom brand marketing efforts and willingness to pay; and (3) potential opportunities to improve condom uptake. Nationally representative samples of at least 1200 respondents were collected in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. We collected data on a range of demographic factors, including condom use, sexual behavior, awareness of condom brands, and willingness to pay. We estimated multivariate linear regression models and found that free condom users are overwhelmingly willing to pay for condoms overall (over 90% in Nigeria) with variability by country. Free users were consistently less willing to pay for condoms if they had a positive identification with their free brand in Kenya and Zimbabwe, suggesting that condom branding is a critical strategy. Ability to pay was negatively correlated with willingness, but users who could not obtain free condoms were willing to pay for them in Kenya and Zimbabwe. In a landscape of declining donor funding, this research suggests opportunities to use scarce funds for important efforts such as campaigns to increase demand, branding of condoms, and coordination with commercial condom manufacturers to build a healthy total market approach for the product. Free condoms remain an important HIV/AIDS prevention tool. Building a robust market for paid condoms in SSA is a public health priority

American Legacy Foundation. Legacy First Look Report 2. What Youth Think About Smoking: Results from the 1999 National Youth Tobacco Survey

This report explores attitudinal and normative factors that may influence adolescent intent to use or not use tobacco, as well as how these factors vary by grade, gender, and race/ethnicity. It describes developmental increases in the social appeal and acceptance of tobacco during the course of adolescence that deserve attention in efforts at tobacco prevention and control

American Legacy Foundation, First Look Report 12. Exposure to Pro-tobacco Messages among Teens and Young Adults

The purpose fo this report is to summarize awareness of and receptivity to pro-tobacco marketing influences from three national samples of teens and young adults following the MSA. The report addresses 4 key research questions. 1)How frequently are young teens (age 12 to 14), older teens (aged 15 to 17), and young adults (age 18 to 24) exposed to pro-tobacco marketing? 2)How frequently are teens and young adults exposed to smoking portrayals in television and films? 3)Have reports of exposure to pro-tobacco marketing among teens and young adults changed between winter 1999-20000, fall 2000, and spring 2001? 4)How does exposure to pro-tobacco marketing differ by race/ethnicity, gender and smoking status