Više od stoljeća kontinuiranog djelovanja laboratorija za ispitivanje namirnica (i Nastavnog zavoda za javno zdravstvo) u Rijeci

Prije šest godina, 2000. obilježena je stogodišnjica djelovanja Zavoda za javno zdravstvo u Rijeci. Točnije, velika se godišnjica odnosila na početak rada laboratorija   za ispitivanje namirnica koji je u travnju 1900, počeo radom. Tijekom dvadesetog stoljeća, unutar različitih državnih uređenja i više država, laboratorij je kontinuirano radio, ulazio u sastav različitih institucija, i danas se nalazi u sastavu Nastavnog Zavoda za javno zdravstvo Primorsko-goranske županije u Rijeci. No, krenimo redom

The First Water Analyses from Zvir Spring in Rijeka. A Contribution to the History of Chemistry in Rijeka - Part II

Epidemija kolere koja je izbila 1873. te isticanje gradskog fizika da treba napustiti korištenje vode izvora u vlasništvu groblja, potaknula je nekolicinu članova gradskog poglavarstva (Rapresentanze) da zatraže kemijsku analizu nekoliko izvora koju bi izvršio prof. Josef Koettstorfer. On je u proljeće 1874. izvršio analizu voda izvora Mustaccione i Sasso Bianco, a u jesen iste godine proširio na vode Lešnjaka i Zvira. Zaključak ovog drugog ispitivanja bio je da su sve vode pogodne za piće, s tim da su vode Lešnjaka i Zvira nešto malo bolje. Odlukom magistrata od 5. 10. 1886. utvrđeno je da se za potrebe budućeg gradskog vodovoda ispita voda Zvira. Ispitivanja su povjerena prof. Koettstorferu i provedena od prosinca 1886. do studenog 1887. Za analizu vode korištene su tada najsuvremenije metode. Po prvi put napravljena je i bakteriološka analiza vode, prema preporuci prof. Kocha iznesenoj na Svjetskom higijenskom kongresu u Berlinu krajem 1885. Rezultati analize vode bili su osnova za izgradnju vodovoda, koji je pušten u rad 1894. i kao takav opskrbljivao je grad do 1999.Although the territory of the Old Town of Rijeka is characterized by an abundance of water, the living conditions in this medieval town were threatening to public health. There was also a cemetery between the city walls, next to St. Mary\u27s Church. Subsequent to the cholera outbreak in 1873, the municipal physician advised to abandon the use of water from the wells in possession of the cemetery. Therefore, the Municipality ordered the chemical analyses of water from Josef Koettstorfer, the professor of chemistry at the I&R. Naval Academy. During the spring of 1874, the first chemical analyses were done on the waters from the springs Mustaccione and Sasso Bianco, and in the autumn the analyses were extended to springs Lešnjak and Zvir. The results from the latter analyses led to the conclusion that all waters were suitable as potable waters, although those from Lešnjak and Zvir were somewhat better. Waters from the Mustaccione spring were also good, and were already used for ship supply since 1873. Due to the rapid development of the harbour and the city itself, there was an urgent need to build up a new water supply system. Therefore, on 5th Oct 1886, the Municipality decided to order analyses of water from the Zvir spring. The analyses were carrier out from Dec 1886 to Nov 1887 by Prof. Koettstorfer. He used the most advanced methods at that time for chemical analyses, and therefore the results are comparable to current ones. Moreover, for the first time, the analyses of water also comprised bacteriological determination, as suggested by Dr. Koch on the World Hygienic Congress that was held at the end of 1885 in Berlin. The results of water analyses were the basis for the construction of the water supply system in the city that was exploited from 1894 to 1999

Toxicology of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mutagenicity of ambient air

U radu je dan prikaz toksikoloških osobina policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika (PAU) i njihovih derivata s obzirom na kancerogenost, embriotoksičnost i fototoksičnost. Istaknuta je važnost Amesovog testa te mikrobiološki usmjerene kemijske analize u identifikaciji ovih mutagenih spojeva u uzorcima urbane atmosfere. Kao jedan od mogućih izvora mutagenih derivata PAU navedene su kemijske reakcije koje se mogu odvijati u atmosferi.Toxicological properties of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their derivatives concerning their carcinogenicity, embryotoxicity and phototoxicity are reviewed. The importance of the Ames test and biologically directed chemical analysis for identification of these mutagenic compounds is emphasized. Possible chemical reactions acting as sources of mutagenic PAH derivatives in the atmosphere are given

Ukupna taložna tvar na području Primorsko-goranske županije u razdoblju 1975.-2008.

Dustfall measurements in Primorsko-goranska county started in 1975 in the Bakar Bay (Site 2 - Bakar and Site 3 - Kraljevica). The measurements were extended to the city of Rijeka (Site 1 - Rijeka) in 1982, to the nearby islands (Site 4 - Krk and Site 5 - Cres) in 1986, and inland to Gorski Kotar (Site 6 - Delnice and Site 7 - Lividraga) in 1995. This article brings the results of dustfall measurements from 1975 to 2008. Dustfall was low in the city, the nearby islands, and Gorski Kotar. Recommended and limit values were occasionally exceeded in the Bakar Bay due to emissions from the coke plant and harbour at Site 2 (1979-1997) and from the shipyard at Site 3. Lead content in the dustfall was below the national limits, save for two occasions at Site 2. Deposition of sulphur and nitrogen at the inland sites were below the respective critical load values.Ispitivanja ukupne taložne tvari u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji započela su 1975. godine na području Bakarskog zaljeva. Mjerenja su se 1982. god proširila na grad Rijeku, 1986. na otoke Krk i Cres, a 1995. i na područje Gorskog kotara. U radu su prikazani rezultati mjerenja ukupne taložne tvari u razdoblju 1975.-2008. na sedam odabranih postaja: u gradu Rijeci, dvije na području Bakarskog zaljeva (Bakar i Kraljevica), dvije na otocima (Krk i Cres) te dvije u Gorskom kotaru (Delnice i Lividraga). Analizirano je kretanje prosječnih godišnjih vrijednosti ukupno istaloženih tvari te u njima prisutnih količina sagorivog pepela, sulfata, nitrata, amonija i olova. Na području grada Rijeke, otoka Krka i Cresa te Gorskog kotara količina ukupne taložne tvari je niska. Količine ukupne taložne tvari povremeno su prelazile preporučenu graničnu vrijednost u Bakru (1979.-1994.), zbog emisija iz koksare i iz luke za rasuti teret te u Kraljevici, gdje se osamdesetih godina osjećao utjecaj koksare u Bakru, a od sredine devedesetih pojačani rad u brodogradilištu. Količine olova u taložnoj tvari su niske na svim postajama, osim povremenih skokova u Bakru, kada su prijeđene preporučene vrijednosti. Količine istaloženog sumpora i dušika na području Gorskog kotara ispod su odgovarajućih vrijednosti kritičnog opterećenja za ispitivana područja

Man, environment and ozone

U radu se razglaba o ozonu kao prirodnom sastojku atmosfere, nepovoljnu učinku smanjenja ozonskog omotača te porastu koncentracije ozona u troposferi. Dan je prikaz pojedinih industrijskih grana gdje je ozon prisutan uz osvrt na ambijentalnu izloženost. Također se razglaba o akutnoj i kroničnoj toksičnosti ozona te patofiziološkim mehanizmima djelovanja ozona na tkiva, napose na respiratorni sustav. Spominju se mjerenja ozona u Hrvatskoj s kraja 19. stoljeća te ona započeta nakon 1975. koja i danas traju.Ozone is a naturally occurring gas, formed in the trimolecular reaction of oxygen atoms with molecular oxygen. Its strong absorption in the UV region provides protection from excessive irradiation of the Earth\u27s surface. Occupational exposure to ozone involves electric are welding, mercury vapour lamps, office photocopy machines. X-ray generators and other high voltage electrical equipment, water purification and bleaching. Ozone is the most abundant oxidant in the photochemical smog. The lung cell injury induced by ozone involves a complex biochemical mechanism which is due to free radical generation. Moderate exposure produces upper respiratory tract symptoms and eye irritation, severe acute exposure results in pulmonary oedema. Measurements of atmospheric ozone concentrations in Croatia began at the end of the 19th century; continuous monitoring has been earned out since 1975

The impact of ship traffic and harbor activities on the atmospheric pollution in two northern adriatic ports: Venice and Rijeka

The aim of the POSEIDON project is to quantify the relative contribution of maritime traffic and harbor activities to atmospheric pollutants concentration in four port-cities of the Adriatic Sea. This study focuses on the harbors of Venice and Rijeka. In order to investigate the main pollution sources, emission inventories were used as input for receptor models: PMF (positive matrix factorization) and PCA (principal components analysis); moreover source identification was also conducted using PAHs diagnostic ratios. The ship traffic impact was quantified: i) on gaseous and particulate PAHs, collected using a new method which consisted in a double simultaneous sampling, in different wind sectors; ii) applying PMF to data of metals, PAHs and ions in PM10; iii) using the vanadium concentration according to the Agrawal methodology

Impact of maritime transport on particulate matter concentrations and chemical compositions in four port-cities of the Adriatic/Ionian area: an overview of the results of POSEIDON project

Pollutant emissions from ships and harbour activities constitute an important source of pollution of coastal areas with potential influences on the climate and the health of their inhabitants. A recent review (Viana et al., 2014) shows that these emissions could have an important impact on the Mediterranean and that there is a lack of data for the Eastern and South-Eastern part of this area. This work presents an analysis of the impact of ship emissions to atmospheric particle concentrations (PM) in four important port-cities (Patras Greece, Brindisi and Venice Italy, and Rijeka Croatia) of the Adriatic/Ionian area. The study was performed within the POSEIDON project (Pollution monitoring of ship emissions: an integrated approach for harbours of the Adriatic basin, funded within the MED Programme 2007-2013). The study uses an integrated approach using emission inventories, dispersion modelling and measurements taken at high temporal resolution (1 min) and low temporal resolution for chemical characterization of PM. The emission inventories of the four port-cities show that ships contribute between 11.7% and 31.0% of the total PM emissions being a source locally comparable with road traffic (ranging between 11.8% and 26.6%). The source apportionment using the receptor model PMF showed and oil combustion source (that includes ship emissions), characterized by V and Ni, in Brindisi, Venice and Rijeka with V/Ni ratio ranging between 1.4 and 4.2 indicating local differences in chemical profiles of the emissions. The V concentrations were used to evaluate the contributions of primary ship emissions to PM (Agrawal et al., 2009) that resulted between 1.3% and 2.8%. The contribution to secondary sulphate was 11% of PM2.5 in Brindisi (Cesari et al., 2014). The analysis of high-temporal resolution measurements taken near the harbour areas of Venice, Patras and Brindisi showed a contribution of ship emissions to PM2.5 varying between 3.5% and 7.4%. The relative contribution to particle number concentrations (PNC) was larger at all sites (between 6% and 26%). This demonstrates that ship particulate missions include mainly small and ultrafine particles. The trend of the impact of passenger ships primary emissions to PM2.5 concentrations in Venice between 2007 and 2012 showed a decrease from 7% (+-1%) to 3.5% (+-1%) even if the gross tonnage of ship traffic increased in the same period by 47% (Contini et al., 2015). This was a consequence of the use of low-sulphur content fuels due to the application of local mitigation strategies and of the European Directive 2005/33/EC. The WRF-CAMx modeling system was applied over the Central and Eastern Mediterranean so as to identify the air quality impact of ship emissions. The zero-out modelling method was implemented involving model simulations performed while including and omitting the ship emissions. The results for both gaseous and particulate pollutant concentrations generally show a fairly good agreement with observations at the areas under study. Agrawal et al., 2009. Environmental Science and Technology 43, 5398-5402. Cesari et al., 2014. Science of the Total Environment 497-498, 392-400. Contini et al., 2015. Atmospheric Environment 102, 183-190. Viana et al., 2014. Atmospheric Environment 90, 96-105

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air

Policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAU) spojevi su koji se sastoje od dva ili više kondenziranih aromatskih prstenova. Nastaju prilikom nepotpunog izgaranja ili pirolize organskih tvari. Dokazano je da neki PAU imaju kancerogena, a neki mutagena svojstva, pa je stoga potrebno kontinuirano pratiti koncentracije PAU u zraku, vodi i tlu, te pokušati sanirati izvore PAU. PAU s dva ili tri aromatska prstena postojani su u plinovitoj fazi, dok se PAU s više aromatskih prstenova nalaze u zraku uglavnom vezani na čestice. Visoke koncentracije PAU prisutne su u atmosferi urbanih područja, a najviše su zimi kada su pojačane emisije iz kućnih ložišta. U ljetno doba koncentracije su niže jer je većina policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika nestabilna na visokim temperaturama, a osim toga dolazi do njihove oksidacije i fotooksidacije. Metode mjerenja PAU u zraku uključuju uzorkovanje prosisavanjem na filterski papir ili kruti adsorbens, ekstrakciju i kromatografsku analizu. U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati mjerenja benzo[a]pirena (BaP) kao glavnog predstavnika PAU na nekim lokacijama u svijetu. Razine BaP u svijetu uspoređene su s rezultatima mjerenja provedenim do sada u Hrvatskoj.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds consisting of two or more condense aromatic rings. They are products of incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic matter. Because some PAHs such as Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are proven carcinogens and mutagens, it is necessary to continuously monitor their concentrations in the air, water, and soil. PAHs with two or three aromatic rings are stable in the gas phase, while most PAHs with five or more aromatic rings bond to particles. Higher concentrations of PAHs are present in the atmosphere of urban areas, mostly in the winter, due to heating. In the summer, these concentrations drop because most PAHs are unstable at high temperatures and break down by oxidation and photooxidation. Measurements of PAHs in the air include sampling on the filter paper or solid adsorbent, extraction, and chromatographic analysis. This review presents the measurements of BaP in some locations in the world and compares them with the findings in Croatia