Development of integrated supply chain system in manufacturing industry

This paper presents the model of integrated halal supply chain in food manufacturing industries. There is global increase in the demand for halal products by Islamic countries as well as by non-Islamic countries. Halal food consumers are presently more alert and concern about the integrity of Halal status. Furthermore, they also curious about all the activities involved along the supply chain whether the products that they purchased were truly halal from the beginning to the end. The need of halal supply chain is crucial in ensuring that the concept of halal is not only applicable for the food itself but also for the whole supply chain starting from the farm to the customer. This project attempts to develop an integrated halal supply chain system that can be used by food manufacturers that are developing halal products for better productivity and quality. The identified supply chain components are human resources, process, environment, accreditations, logistics and traceability

Encapsulated deep eutectic solvent for esterification of free fatty acid

A novel encapsulated deep eutectic solvent (DES) was introduced for biodiesel production via a two-step process. The DES was encapsulated in medical capsules and were used to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) content of acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) to the minimum acceptable level (< 1%). The DES was synthesized from methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (MTPB) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The effects pertaining to different operating conditions such as capsule dosage, reaction time, molar ratio, and reaction temperature were optimized. The FFA content of ACPO was reduced from existing 9.61% to less than 1% under optimum operating conditions. This indicated that encapsulated MTPB-DES performed high catalytic activity in FFA esterification reaction and showed considerable activity even after four consecutive recycling runs. The produced biodiesel after acid esterification and alkaline transesterification met the EN14214 international biodiesel standard specifications. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to introduce an acidic catalyst in capsule form. This method presents a new route for the safe storage of new materials to be used for biofuel production. Conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) representation of the DES using σ-profile and σ-potential graphs indicated that MTPB and PTSA is a compatible combination due to the balanced presence and affinity towards hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor in each constituent

Development of integrated green halal supply chain model in food manufacturing industry

This project presents the development of integrated supply chain model in halal food manufacturing industry. The model has been integrated with accomplishment and consideration of green supply chain management (GSCM). Halal supply chain is one of most fundamental part in halal food manufacturing industries. The market of halal products is widely distributed throughout the world. There is global increase in the demand for halal products by Islamic countries as well as by non-Islamic countries. Halal food consumers are presently more alert and concern about the integrity of Halal status. Furthermore, they also curious about all the activities involved along the supply chain whether the products that they purchased were truly halal from the beginning to the end. The need of halal supply chain is crucial in ensuring that the concept of halal is not only applicable for the food itself but also for the whole supply chain starting from the farm to the customer. Due to the increasing concerns about environmental issues, many supply chain professionals include food supply chain find it necessary to understand the problems from system perspective rather than in single business entity. Green Supply Chain is then the attempt to measure, analyze and improve performance among various members to ensure that companies are operating in environmentally friendly manner. From the previous supply chain models and the current requirements includes environmental needs, this research project managed to develop an integrated halal food and green supply chain system that can be used by food manufacturers that are developing halal products for better productivity and quality. The identified supply chain components are human resources, process, environment, accreditations, logistics and traceability. These have been verified by food manufacturing companies in Malaysia and Kuwait. Finally, the framework of an integrated green halal supply chain model in food manufacturing industry has been developed successfully

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique of fixed oils from Sudanese seeds

The extraction of oils from Sudanese seeds is of great economic and traditional significance. This study investigated the use of ultrasonic-assisted extraction to extract oils from five different Sudanese seeds: desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca L), baobab (Adansonia digitata), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). The extraction process used two organic solvents, n-hexane and n-heptane. The results showed that n-heptane was a more effective solvent for extracting oils from Sudanese seeds than n-hexane. The highest oil yield was obtained from B. aegyptiaca seeds, with a yield of 29%. The optimal seed-to-solvent mass ratio for B. aegyptiaca was 1:6, and the optimal extraction time was 1 hour (60 mins). A thermodynamic study was conducted to validate the experimental results. The larger area in the nonpolar region for n-heptane suggests a higher extraction capacity for the seed oils. These results are consistent with the experimental findings of this study. In conclusion, ultrasonic-assisted extraction is a promising method for extracting oils from Sudanese seeds. N-heptane is a more effective solvent than n-hexane for this purpose, and the optimal seed-to-solvent mass ratio and extraction time are 1:6 and 1 hour (60 mins), respectively. The results of this study could be used to develop new commercial products based on Sudanese seed oils. However, further research is needed to investigate the effects of other factors, such as temperature and pressure, on the extraction of oils from Sudanese seeds