Municipal Case Study: Inkosi Langalibalele Local Municipality KwaZulu – Natal

This report presents a case study of Inkosi Local Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal. The goal of the report is to examine the employment creation potential of land redistribution in Inkosi Langalibalele, and its cost. The Inkosi Langalibalele Local Municipality is located within the Uthukela District Municipality, in a broader region known as the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. Agriculture is the predominant form of land use in the local municipality, but it does not generate a large number of jobs. Large-scale commercial farming remains important but is shrinking due to land reform, which affects around 38 percent of the land in the municipality. Another 36 percent of the local municipality is designated as ‘communal areas’, with traditional authority structures playing a key role in their governance. Only 27 percent of the municipality, or around 100 000 hectares, is available for further land reform. The local municipality had a total population of 215 183 persons in 46 952 households in 2016 and comprises 3 403 square kilometres, with a population density of 63.2 people per square kilometre. Only around one fifth of the adult population aged 15 or more are employed, compared to 23 percent in Uthukela district municipality, and 31.5 percent in KZN. Of those employed, 74 percent work in the formal sector. Over half of the population (52 percent) is ‘not economically active’, but many of these are engaged in subsistence-oriented agriculture, mainly in order to produce some additional food for home consumption. The great majority of the population in Inkosi Langalibalele is poor and highly dependent on social grants, and services have improved greatly since the advent of democracy in 1994. Despite the rural nature of the municipality, settlement patterns are increasingly dense and ‘urban’ in character, even some distance away from established towns. Large areas comprise densely settled communal areas under traditional councils

Imithetho yomhlaba yaseMsinga: The living law of land in Msinga, KwaZulu-Natal

This report describes the ‘living law’ of land in one part of Msinga, a deep rural area of KwaZulu-Natal. It presents research findings from the Mchunu and Mthembu tribal areas, where a three-year action-research project was carried out by staff of the Mdukutshani Rural Development Programme1. Launched in 2007, at a time when implementation of the Communal Land Rights Act of 2004 (CLRA) appeared imminent, the project aimed to gain a detailed understanding of land tenure in Msinga, facilitate local-level discussion of potential solutions to emerging problems around land rights, provide information on the CLRA to residents and authority structures and help generate ideas on how local people could engage with the new law

Improving Intent Correctness with Automated Testing

Intent-based networking (IBN) systems have become the de-facto control abstraction to drive self-service, self-healing, and self-optimized capabilities in service delivery processes. Nonetheless, the operation complexity of modern network infrastructures make network practitioners apprehensive towards adoption in production, requiring further evidence for correctness. In this paper, we argue that testing, verification and monitoring should become first-class citizens in reference IBN architecture, in order to improve the detection errors during operations. Towards this goal, we present an extension for an intent architecture that allows IBN system to validate the correctness of network configuration using realistic network emulation. Furthermore, we present an intent use-case that ensure correct operation in hybrid networks

A signal sequence suppressor mutant that stabilizes an assembled state of the twin arginine translocase

The twin-arginine protein translocation (Tat) system mediates transport of folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. The Tat system of Escherichia coli is made up of TatA, TatB and TatC components. TatBC comprise the substrate receptor complex, and active Tat translocases are formed by the substrate-induced association of TatA oligomers with this receptor. Proteins are targeted to TatBC by signal peptides containing an essential pair of arginine residues. We isolated substitutions, locating to the transmembrane helix of TatB that restored transport activity to Tat signal peptides with inactivating twin arginine substitutions. A subset of these variants also suppressed inactivating substitutions in the signal peptide binding site on TatC. The suppressors did not function by restoring detectable signal peptide binding to the TatBC complex. Instead, site specific crosslinking experiments indicate that the suppressor substitutions induce conformational change in the complex and movement of the TatB subunit. The TatB F13Y substitution was associated with the strongest suppressing activity, even allowing transport of a Tat substrate lacking a signal peptide. In vivo analysis using a TatA-YFP fusion showed that the TatB F13Y substitution resulted in signal peptide independent assembly of the Tat translocase. We conclude that Tat signal peptides play roles in substrate targeting and in triggering assembly of the active translocase

Briefing: improving children and young people's mental health services: local data insights from England, Scotland and Wales.

In this briefing, we present analysis from the Networked Data Lab (NDL). Led by the Health Foundation, the NDL is a collaborative network of local analytical teams across England, Scotland and Wales. These teams analysed local, linked data sources to explore trends in mental health presentations across primary, specialist and acute services. This briefing includes: a) background on the trends in mental health disorders among children and young people and existing pressures on services, as well as an overview of the main policies in place in England, Scotland, and Wales to improve children and young people's mental health b) findings from NDL partners: we examine trends and patterns of service use, including the use of primary care, specialist mental health care and acute services, along with differences by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics c) examples of how local NDL teams used linked data to improve services in their area d) insights for national and local policymakers

The TatC component of the twin-arginine protein translocase functions as an obligate oligomer

The Tat protein export system translocates folded proteins across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and the plant thylakoid membrane. The Tat system in Escherichia coli is composed of TatA, TatB and TatC proteins. TatB and TatC form an oligomeric, multivalent receptor complex that binds Tat substrates, while multiple protomers of TatA assemble at substrate-bound TatBC receptors to facilitate substrate transport. We have addressed whether oligomerisation of TatC is an absolute requirement for operation of the Tat pathway by screening for dominant negative alleles of tatC that inactivate Tat function in the presence of wild-type tatC. Single substitutions that confer dominant negative TatC activity were localised to the periplasmic cap region. The variant TatC proteins retained the ability to interact with TatB and with a Tat substrate but were unable to support the in vivo assembly of TatA complexes. Blue-native PAGE analysis showed that the variant TatC proteins produced smaller TatBC complexes than the wild-type TatC protein. The substitutions did not alter disulphide crosslinking to neighbouring TatC molecules from positions in the periplasmic cap but abolished a substrate-induced disulphide crosslink in transmembrane helix 5 of TatC. Our findings show that TatC functions as an obligate oligomer.</p

Final Report

This study focuses on the potential contribution of redistributive land reform to employment creation. Can land redistribution be undertaken in a manner that also creates jobs, and if so, through which types of land use and farming systems, operating at what scales? What is the potential of small-scale farming, in particular? Despite its many limitations, the study breaks new ground by investigating the potential of small-scale farming for employment generation in specific locations. It highlights the potential for job creation in many commodities produced by small-scale farmers, and recommends a particular focus on extensive livestock and vegetable production

Improving children and young people’s mental health services

Across the UK, the number of children and young people experiencing mental health problems is growing. Mental health services are expanding, but not fast enough to meet rising needs, leaving many children and young people with limited or no support. Too little is known about who receives care and crucially, who doesn’t. This briefing presents analysis from the Health Foundation’s Networked Data Lab (NDL) about children and young people’s mental health. The analysis from local teams across England, Scotland and Wales has highlighted three key areas for urgent investigation, to help ensure children and young people get the care they need. These are: rapid increases in mental health prescribing and support provided by GPs the prevalence of mental health problems among adolescent girls and young women stark socioeconomic inequalities across the UK. To inform national policy decisions and local service planning and delivery, the quality of data collection, analysis and the linkage of datasets across services and sectors need to be improved and used more effectively