Características epidemiológicas de pacientes con VIH/Sida en el estado de Nayarit

Introduction: HIV / AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease whose number of people infected is increasing each year. In 2005 it was estimated a total of 40.3 million worldwide. In Mexico, until the year 2009 have been reported a total of 135.003 cases of HIV / AIDS. The state of Nayarit occupies the 5th place in incidence of cases at national level and the reported prevalence of HIV by the year 2009 in the same state was 1671 cases. Objective: To identify the epidemiological characteristics that exert a real impact on the incidence and prevalence of HIV / AIDS in the state of Nayarit. Material and Methods: 100 randomly selected and reviewed bank records of patients with HIV / AIDS affiliated with the Center for Ambulatory Care and Prevention of HIV / AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections. Results: Of a total of 100 patients with HIV / AIDS 23% are homosexual. The main risk factor was found with 43% promiscuity. It was found that 25% of jskj those infected are women engaged in home. Conclusion: These data suggest that the greatest number of cases residing in the city of Tepic.Introducción: El VIH/ SIDA es una enfermedad de transmisión sexual cuyo número de personas infectadas va en aumento año con año. En el 2005 se estimó un total de 40.3 millones en el mundo. En México, hasta el año 2009 se han reportado un total de 135,003 casos con VIH/SIDA. El estado de Nayarit ocupa el 5to lugar en incidencia de casos a nivel nacional y la prevalencia registrada de VIH para el año 2009 en el mismo estado fue de 1671 casos. Objetivo: Identificar las características epidemiológicas que ejercen un verdadero impacto en cuanto a la incidencia y prevalencia de VIH/SIDA en el estado de Nayarit. Material y Métodos: Se seleccionaron y revisaron aleatoriamente 100 expedientes del banco de pacientes con VIH/ SIDA afiliados al Centro Ambulatorio para la Prevención y Atención del VIH/SIDA y de las infecciones de Transmisión Sexual. Resultados: De un total de 100 pacientes con VIH/SIDA el 23 % son homosexuales. El principal factor de riesgo encontrado fue la promiscuidad con 43 %. Se encontró que un 25% de personas infectadas son mujeres que se dedican al hogar. Conclusión: Los datos obtenidos sugieren que el mayor número de casos residen en la ciudad de Tepic

deficits in FTD and AD Standardised measurement of self-awareness Standardised measurement of self-awareness deficits in FTD and AD

ABSTRACT Background Diminished ability to perceive one's own impairments, whether cognitive or social, is common in dementia, in particular frontotemporal dementia (FTD), where 'lack of insight' is listed as a core diagnostic feature. Yet, there is no currently accepted method for measuring insight in dementia. The most commonly used methods, which involve comparing patients' opinions of their level of impairment with the opinions of care givers or close family members, are subjective and require the participation of a knowledgeable informant. Here, the authors introduce a new method that allows objective quantification of an individual's awareness of their cognitive abilities and relies upon objective bedside testing. Methods The authors administered several tests of everyday, real-world functions to patients with FTD (n¼10) and Alzheimer's disease (AD, n¼10) and to control subjects (n¼10). Prior to the tasks, participants were asked to predict their performance using a percentile-based rating system. They were also asked to estimate their performance after task completion. Differences between their self-rated and actual performances were calculated. Results Whereas the control group showed very little discrepancy between pretest predictions, post-task estimates and actual performance (mean difference of 3.9 percentile points for prediction/3.0 percentile points for post-task estimate), both patient groups overpredicted and overestimated their performance, with a significantly greater discrepancy for FTD (49.0/54.3 percentile points) than AD (27.2/28.3 percentile points). Discussion Failures of insight and self-awareness of cognitive dysfunction can be objectively measured in dementia without the assistance of an informant, which will facilitate further study of this key component of higher cognitive functioning

Metacognition in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

OBJECTIVE: Impaired self-awareness is characteristic of nearly all dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the deficit is most severe in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). The prominence of frontal pathology in bvFTD suggests that failure of online monitoring, the process by which individuals monitor their own cognitive processing in real time, is an important contributor. Metacognitive research offers several approaches to measure self-assessment, some more and others less sensitive to online monitoring. The goal of this study was to assess metacognition in bvFTD using several approaches, and compare the results with those in AD. METHODS: We examined metacognition in 12 patients with bvFTD, 14 with AD and 35 healthy controls using Feeling of Knowing (FOK), Ease of Learning (EOL), Judgment of Learning (JOL), and Retrospective Confidence Rating (CR) tasks, as well as response to feedback about performance. RESULTS: BvFTD and AD were both impaired at FOK compared with controls, although AD showed some sparing. Both groups were similarly impaired at CR and neither group was impaired at JOL after accounting for memory performance. Most strikingly, bvFTD patients failed to appropriately adjust their predictions about future memory performance even after receiving explicit feedback that they had performed worse than they expected. CONCLUSIONS: Both bvFTD and AD show deficits in online monitoring, although the deficit appears more severe in bvFTD. The insensitivity of bvFTD patients to overt feedback may point to unique mechanisms, possibly frontally mediated, that add to their severe lack of self-awareness

Metacognition in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

ObjectiveImpaired self-awareness is characteristic of nearly all dementias, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the deficit is most severe in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). The prominence of frontal pathology in bvFTD suggests that failure of online monitoring, the process by which individuals monitor their own cognitive processing in real time, is an important contributor. Metacognitive research offers several approaches to measure self-assessment, some more and others less sensitive to online monitoring. The goal of this study was to assess metacognition in bvFTD using several approaches, and to compare the results with those in AD.MethodWe examined metacognition in 12 patients with bvFTD, 14 with AD, and 35 healthy controls using feeling of knowing (FOK), ease of learning (EOL), judgment of learning (JOL), and retrospective confidence rating (CR) tasks, as well as response to feedback about performance.ResultsBvFTD and AD were both impaired at FOK compared with controls, although AD showed some sparing. Both groups were similarly impaired at CR and neither group was impaired at JOL after accounting for memory performance. Most striking, bvFTD patients failed to appropriately adjust their predictions about future memory performance even after receiving explicit feedback that they had performed worse than they expected.ConclusionsBoth bvFTD and AD show deficits in online monitoring, although the deficit appears more severe in bvFTD. The insensitivity of bvFTD patients to overt feedback may point to unique mechanisms, possibly frontally mediated, that add to their severe lack of self-awareness

Deficits in self-awareness impact the diagnosis of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment in HIV.

A recent national survey of HIV(+) adults noted that nearly three-quarters of cognitively impaired individuals are categorized as having asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), lacking documented compromise of everyday function. The clinical impact and long-term consequences of ANI are unknown and the importance of this asymptomatic diagnosis has raised concerns in clinical care settings where competing priorities often exist. In this study, we conducted structured tests of everyday functioning in a sample of HIV(+) subjects over 60 years of age and asked subjects to rate their performance relative to peers. We demonstrate that individuals with neuropsychological testing impairment often lack self-awareness of functional performance deficits. Specifically, ANI subjects rated functional performance similar to that of HIV-negative control subjects, despite noted deficits in objective measures of function. These findings have important implications for use of self-report of function in the diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), likely underestimating symptomatic impairment

Deficits in self-awareness impact the diagnosis of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment in HIV.

A recent national survey of HIV(+) adults noted that nearly three-quarters of cognitively impaired individuals are categorized as having asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), lacking documented compromise of everyday function. The clinical impact and long-term consequences of ANI are unknown and the importance of this asymptomatic diagnosis has raised concerns in clinical care settings where competing priorities often exist. In this study, we conducted structured tests of everyday functioning in a sample of HIV(+) subjects over 60 years of age and asked subjects to rate their performance relative to peers. We demonstrate that individuals with neuropsychological testing impairment often lack self-awareness of functional performance deficits. Specifically, ANI subjects rated functional performance similar to that of HIV-negative control subjects, despite noted deficits in objective measures of function. These findings have important implications for use of self-report of function in the diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), likely underestimating symptomatic impairment

Viability and proliferation of A549 cell line on the surface of micro-, nano- and ultrananocrystalline diamond films grown by HFCVD with tailored gases

This article describes key material science/technology issues to implement polycrystalline diamond scaffolds to enable processes for biological cells growth relevant for using cells grown in the laboratory for the treatment of human biological conditions. Issues investigated include 1. Synthesis/characterization of microcrystalline diamond (MCD), nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and transformational ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coating-based scaffolds. Diamond films were grown on silicon substrates using the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique, by which filaments heated to ∼2,300 °C induce cracking of CH4 molecules into C atoms/CHx (x = 1, 2, 3) radicals, growing diamond films via chemical reaction on the substrates’ surface. MCD and NCD + films were grown flowing the H2/CH4 gas mixture. NCD- and UNCD films were grown using the Ar/CH4 gas mixture plus H2 flux (73.5%, 49%, and 9.8%), which for high fluxes, induced increased the concentration of H-containing trans-polyacetylene (T-PA) molecules in UNCD films’ grain boundaries, impacting biological performance. 2. Studies of viability and proliferation of human lung carcinoma cell line (A549) grown on surfaces of MCD, NCD, and UNCD films, using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which showed no significant difference in cell proliferation among the MCD, NCD, and UNCD films

Prosocial deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia relate to reward network atrophy.

IntroductionEmpathy and shared feelings of reward motivate individuals to share resources with others when material gain is not at stake. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects emotion- and reward-relevant neural systems. Although there is diminished empathy and altered reward processing in bvFTD, how the disease impacts prosocial behavior is less well understood.MethodsA total of 74 participants (20 bvFTD, 15 Alzheimer's disease [AD], and 39 healthy controls) participated in this study. Inspired by token-based paradigms from animal studies, we developed a novel task to measure prosocial giving (the "Giving Game"). On each trial of the Giving Game, participants decided how much money to offer to the experimenter, and prosocial giving was the total amount that participants gave to the experimenter when it cost them nothing to give. Voxel-based morphometry was then used to identify brain regions that were associated with prosocial giving.ResultsProsocial giving was lower in bvFTD than in healthy controls; prosocial giving in AD did not differ significantly from either of the other groups. Whereas lower prosocial giving was associated with atrophy in the right pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, greater prosocial giving was associated with atrophy in the left ventral striatum.ConclusionThese findings suggest that simple acts of generosity deteriorate in bvFTD due to lateralized atrophy in reward-relevant neural systems that promote shared feelings of positive affect

Prosocial deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia relate to reward network atrophy.

IntroductionEmpathy and shared feelings of reward motivate individuals to share resources with others when material gain is not at stake. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects emotion- and reward-relevant neural systems. Although there is diminished empathy and altered reward processing in bvFTD, how the disease impacts prosocial behavior is less well understood.MethodsA total of 74 participants (20 bvFTD, 15 Alzheimer's disease [AD], and 39 healthy controls) participated in this study. Inspired by token-based paradigms from animal studies, we developed a novel task to measure prosocial giving (the "Giving Game"). On each trial of the Giving Game, participants decided how much money to offer to the experimenter, and prosocial giving was the total amount that participants gave to the experimenter when it cost them nothing to give. Voxel-based morphometry was then used to identify brain regions that were associated with prosocial giving.ResultsProsocial giving was lower in bvFTD than in healthy controls; prosocial giving in AD did not differ significantly from either of the other groups. Whereas lower prosocial giving was associated with atrophy in the right pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, greater prosocial giving was associated with atrophy in the left ventral striatum.ConclusionThese findings suggest that simple acts of generosity deteriorate in bvFTD due to lateralized atrophy in reward-relevant neural systems that promote shared feelings of positive affect

Deficits in Self-Awareness Impact the Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment in HIV

A recent national survey of HIV(+) adults noted that nearly three-quarters of cognitively impaired individuals are categorized as having asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), lacking documented compromise of everyday function. The clinical impact and long-term consequences of ANI are unknown and the importance of this asymptomatic diagnosis has raised concerns in clinical care settings where competing priorities often exist. In this study, we conducted structured tests of everyday functioning in a sample of HIV(+) subjects over 60 years of age and asked subjects to rate their performance relative to peers. We demonstrate that individuals with neuropsychological testing impairment often lack self-awareness of functional performance deficits. Specifically, ANI subjects rated functional performance similar to that of HIV-negative control subjects, despite noted deficits in objective measures of function. These findings have important implications for use of self-report of function in the diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), likely underestimating symptomatic impairment