DIAGNÓSTICO PARTICIPATIVO DO SETOR SAÚDE NO MUNICÍPIO DE GOIANA (PE)

This article presents a diagnosis of the health care network in Goiana in the state of Pernambuco. The main reason for choosing this area is the rapid process of socio-spatial transformations resulting from various industrial enterprises that are setting up in its territory. The research approach was qualitative and quantitative, using techniques of social participation in the debates of issues and construction of results. We found that the health sector in the city has a quite deficient structure. This is a worrying fact since there is a trend of population growth in the short term. Also improvement proposals and creation of local public policies have been suggested. We conclude that the diagnostic process based on participation is a valuable tool for planning and local management of the health sector, because it provides the empowerment of local people about their problems and the strategies to face them.Este artigo objetiva apresentar um diagnóstico sobre a rede de atenção à saúde no município de Goiana no Estado de Pernambuco. A principal razão da escolha desta área é o rápido processo de transformações socioespaciais decorrentes de vários empreendimentos industriais que estão se instalando no seu território. A abordagem de investigação foi quantitativa e qualitativa, utilizando-se de técnicas de participação social nos debates da problemática e construção dos resultados. Verificamos que o setor saúde no município possui uma estrutura bastante deficitária. Este é um fato preocupante, pois existe uma tendência de aumento populacional no curto prazo. Também foram sugeridas propostas de aperfeiçoamento e criação de políticas públicas locais. Concluímos que o processo de diagnóstico pautado na participação é um valioso instrumento para o planejamento e a gestão local do setor saúde, porque propicia o emponderamento da população local sobre os seus problemas e as estratégias para o enfrentamento dos mesmos

Access to childbirth care services in the interior of Pernambuco, Northeast region of Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the access of women to the public health system network to childbirth care, highlighting the barriers related to the “availability and accommodation” dimension in a health macroregion of Pernambuco. METHODS: Ecological study, conducted based on hospital birth records from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and information from the state’s Hospital Beds Regulation Center, about women residing in health macroregion II, in 2018. Displacements were reviewed considering the geographic distance between the municipality of residence and that of the childbirth; estimated time of displacement of pregnant women; ratio of shifts blocked for admission of pregnant women for delivery; and the reason for unavailability. RESULTS: In 2018, health macroregion II performed 84% of usual risk childbirths, and 46.9% of high-risk childbirths. The remaining high-risk childbirths (51.1%) occurred in macroregion I, especially in Recife. The reference maternity for high-risk childbirths in that macroregion had 30.4% of the days of day shifts and 38.9% of the night shifts blocked for admission of childbirths; the main reason was the difficulty in maintaining the full team in service. CONCLUSIONS: Women residing in the health macroregion II of Pernambuco face great barriers of access in search of hospital care for childbirth, traveling great distances even when pregnant women of usual risk, leading to pilgrimage in search of this care. There is difficulty regarding availability and accommodation in high-risk services and obstetric emergencies, with shortage of physical and human resources. The obstetric care network in macroregion II of Pernambuco is not structured to ensure equitable access to care for pregnant women at the time of childbirth. This highlights the need for restructuring this healthcare services pursuant to what is recommended by the Cegonha Network.OBJETIVO: Analisar o acesso de mulheres atendidas na rede pública aos serviços de atenção ao parto, destacando-se as barreiras relacionadas à dimensão “disponibilidade e acomodação” em uma macrorregião de saúde de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico, realizado a partir dos registros de partos hospitalares do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar e de informações da Central de Regulação de Leitos do estado sobre mulheres residentes na macrorregião de saúde II, em 2018. Analisou-se os deslocamentos, considerando a distância geográfica entre o município de residência e o de ocorrência do parto, o tempo estimado do deslocamento das gestantes, a proporção de plantões bloqueados para admissão das gestantes para o parto e o motivo da indisponibilidade. RESULTADOS: Em 2018, a macrorregião de saúde II realizou 84% dos partos de risco habitual e 46,9% de alto risco. Os demais partos de alto risco (51,1%) ocorreram na macrorregião I, sobretudo no Recife. A maternidade de referência para partos de alto risco dessa macrorregião teve 30,4% dos dias de plantões diurnos bloqueados para admissão de partos e 38,9% dos noturnos; o principal motivo foi a dificuldade em manter a equipe completa no serviço. CONCLUSÕES: Mulheres residentes na macrorregião de saúde II de Pernambuco enfrentam grandes barreiras de acesso em busca de atendimento hospitalar para o parto, percorrendo grandes distâncias, mesmo quando gestantes de risco habitual, levando à peregrinação em busca dessa assistência. Há dificuldade de disponibilidade e acomodação nos serviços de alto risco e de emergências obstétricas, com insuficiente capacidade física e de recursos humanos. A rede de atenção obstétrica na macrorregião II de Pernambuco não está estruturada para garantir um acesso equânime à assistência das gestantes no momento do parto, o que evidencia a necessidade de sua reestruturação em aproximação ao preconizado pela Rede Cegonha

Assistance Regulatory in Recife: possibilities and limits in promoting access

A pesquisa analisou o desenvolvimento da regulação assistencial na perspectiva do acesso equânime e integral na Gestão Municipal de Saúde do Recife entre 2001 e 2008. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que teve como sujeitos os gestores e os gerentes da Secretaria de Saúde do Recife. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo, na tipologia temática, a partir dos conceitos de triângulo de governo, acessibilidade e rede. Verificou-se que, embora o município tenha implantado arranjos organizacionais de regulação, não incorporou os serviços especializados próprios nem analisou a capacidade potencial desses serviços. A Central de Regulação de Consultas e Exames Especializados absorveu apenas 9,5% dos procedimentos de média complexidade sob gestão municipal. Outrossim, pouco investiu na ampliação da resolubilidade da atenção básica, mantendo uma possível demanda artificial por serviços especializados. A perspectiva de maior acessibilidade organizacional, pela regulação assistencial, restringiu-se à "adequação" da demanda à oferta da rede complementar SUS/Recife. Essa oferta, por vezes, foi determinada pelos interesses do próprio setor privado, e a regulação implementada pela gestão municipal teve reduzido poder de definição. A atuação centralizadora da gestão estadual de saúde dificultou a conformação de um complexo regulador compartilhado entre esferas de gestão. Conclui-se que a regulação assistencial, na esfera dos municípios, dificilmente promoverá acesso equânime e integral enquanto atuar somente sobre uma parcela dos serviços sob gestão municipal, intervir sem a formação de redes de atenção regionais, sem pactos efetivos entre entes públicos pela continuidade do cuidado e agir sem subordinar os interesses privados às necessidades assistenciais da população.The research analyzed the evolution of a service of regulation of care at the Municipal Health Management in Recife, between 2001 to 2008, from the point of view of access with equity and integrality. A case study was conducted, having the managers from Municipal Health Department of Recife as its subjects. Content analysis was used in a thematic typology, taking as basis the concepts of government triangle, accessibility and network. It was seen that although the municipality implemented organizational arrangements for care regulation, it has neither invested in the regulation of its own specialized services, nor analyzed the potential capacity of these services. The Consultation and Specialized Exams Regulation Service absorbed only 9.5% of the procedures of medium complexity under municipal management. Moreover, little was invested in the expansion of the solvability of primary care, which contributed to keep a possibly artificial demand for specialized services. The possibility of greater organizational accessibility through the regulation of care was reduced to a process of organizing the existing demand to the capability of supply of SUS' supplementary (private) network in Recife. In some cases, this was defined by the interests of the very private sector, over which the regulation implemented by the municipal administration had reduced power of definition. The centralizing action of the Municipal Health Department hindered the creation of a shared regulatory complex between different levels of management. It is concluded that the regulation of care in the sphere of the municipalities can hardly promote full and equal access if it acts only over the services under municipal management, if it does not form regional networks of care and agreements between public entities for continued care and if it acts without subordinating private interests to the welfare needs of the population

"Life Is Taking Me Where I Need to Go": Biographical Disruption and New Arrangements in the Lives of Female Family Carers of Children with Congenital Zika Syndrome in Pernambuco, Brazil.

The congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) epidemic in Brazil turned the spotlight on many other factors beyond illness, such as poverty, gender, and inequalities in health care. Women were the emblematic subjects in this study, not only because Zika virus is a vertical transmission disease, but also because women-in Brazil and elsewhere-typically represent the primary carers of children. This is a qualitative analytic study using semi-structured interviews with 23 female family carers of children with CZS in Brazil. Through the concept of biographical disruption, we analysed some of the social impacts experienced by women involved in caring for affected children. We identified that the arrival of a child with disabilities resulted in biographical disruption similar to that experienced by people with chronic illnesses. Social support networks were configured through an alliance between women from different generations, revealing solidarity networks, but also highlighting the absence of the state in tackling these social vulnerabilities. Tracing the pathways of these biographical narratives enables us to understand how women have acted to defend the value of their disabled children in a society structured on the model of body normativity and inequality. These results may provide clues to a more inclusive society, which confronts systems of gender oppression and the sexual division of labour focused on women

Stigmas of congenital Zika syndrome: family perspectives.

This article uses a socio-anthropological framework to explore the stigmas around interactions with children born with congenital Zika syndrome caused by the Zika virus epidemic in two Brazilian municipalities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents and other relatives. We reflected on the search for meaning when having a baby with unexpected body marks, the moral suffering, the societal ableism, the burden of care, and the need for support networks. We concluded that public policies, especially social policies (health, education, and social assistance), are essential for compensatory mechanisms, recognition, and social inclusion of these children and their families

Hope and trust in times of Zika: the views of caregivers and healthcare workers at the forefront of the epidemic in Brazil.

This article investigates how hope and trust played out for two groups at the forefront of the Zika epidemic: caregivers of children with congenital Zika syndrome and healthcare workers. We conducted 76 in-depth interviews with members of both groups to examine hope and trust in clinical settings, as well as trust in public institutions, in the health system and in the government of Brazil. During and after the Zika epidemic, hope and trust were important to manage uncertainty and risk, given the lack of scientific evidence about the neurological consequences of Zika virus infection. The capacity of healthcare workers and caregivers to trust and to co-create hope seems to have allowed relationships to develop that cushioned social impacts, reinforced adherence to therapeutics and enabled information flow. Hope facilitated parents to trust healthcare workers and interventions. Hope and trust appeared to be central in the establishment of support networks for caregivers. At the same time, mistrust in the government and state institutions may have allowed rumours and alternative explanations about Zika to spread. It may also have strengthened activism in mother's associations, which seemed to have both positive and negative implications for healthcare service delivery. The findings also point to distrust in international health actors and global health agenda, which can impact community engagement in future outbreak responses in Brazil and other countries in Latin America

Social and economic impacts of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil: Study protocol and rationale for a mixed-methods study

Global concern broke out in late 2015 as thousands of children in Brazil were born with microcephaly, which was quickly linked to congenital infection with Zika virus (ZIKV). ZIKV is now known to cause a wider spectrum of severe adverse outcomes—congenital Zika syndrome (CZS)—and also milder impairments. This study aimed to explore the social and economic impacts of CZS in Brazil. Data was collected through mixed methods across two settings: Recife City and Jaboatão dos Guararapes in Pernambuco State (the epicentre of the epidemic), and the city of Rio de Janeiro (where reports of ZIKV infection and CZS were less frequent). Data was collected May 2017-January 2018. Ethical standards were adhered to throughout the research. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with: mothers and other carers of children with CZS (approximately 30 per setting), pregnant women (10-12 per setting), men and women of child-bearing age (16-20 per setting), and health professionals (10-12 per setting). Thematic analysis was undertaken independently by researchers from at least two research settings, and these were shared for feedback. A case-control study was undertaken to quantitatively explore social and economic differences between caregivers of a child with CZS (cases) and caregivers with an unaffected child (controls). We aimed to recruit 100 cases and 100 controls per setting, from existing studies. The primary caregiver, usually the mother, was interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect information on: depression, anxiety, stress, social support, family quality of life, health care and social service use, and costs incurred by families. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to compare outcomes for cases and controls. Costs incurred as a result of CZS were estimated from the perspective of the health system, families and society. Modelling was undertaken to estimate the total economic burden of CZS from those three perspectives

Locating Zika

The emergence of Zika virus challenged conventional ideas of mosquito-borne diseases, tested the resilience of health systems and embedded itself within local sociocultural worlds, with major implications for environmental, sexual, reproductive and paediatric health. This book explores this complex viral epidemic and situates it within its broader social, epidemiological and historical context in Latin America and the Caribbean. The chapters include a diverse set of case studies from scholars and health practitioners working across the region, from Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Mexico, Colombia, the United States and Haiti. The book explores how mosquito-borne disease epidemics (not only Zika but also chikungunya, dengue and malaria) intersect with social change and health governance. By doing so, the authors reflect on the ways in which situated knowledge and social science approaches can contribute to more effective health