Identification of new prognostic biomarkers in multiple myeloma and evaluation of their biological function

Le myélome multiple (MM) est une néoplasie B caractérisée par l'accumulation d'un clone plasmocytaire dans la moelle osseuse. Cette pathologie demeure incurable d'où la nécessité d'identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. L'utilisation des puces à ADN a permis d'identifier, de nombreux gènes dont l'expression par les cellules de MM est associée à un mauvais ou bon pronostic. La plupart des gènes pronostics identifiés dans le MM codent pour des protéines impliquées dans les processus de réplication, de réparation et de recombinaison de l'ADN. Nous avons voulu aller plus loin dans l'identification et la fonction biologique de ces gènes pronostics. D'une part, nous avons recherché les gènes présentant des pics d'expression très élevés ‘gènes spikés' chez une fraction des patients. Ces gènes sont généralement associés à des évènements oncogéniques. D'autre part, nous avons identifié des gènes pronostics non associés à la machinerie du cycle cellulaire et qui sont fortement exprimés dans des cellules souches pluripotentes ou adultes. L'identification de ces gènes nous a permis de construire un score pronostic très puissant, éliminant les scores pronostics publiés à présent. Un autre aspect majeur est l'élucidation des mécanismes biologiques impliquant ces gènes et qui sont responsables de la résistance aux traitements et/ou de la courte durée de survie des patients, afin de pouvoir les reverser. Nous avons donc évalué le rôle biologique de DEPDC1A un gène fortement exprimée dans les cellules de MM en association avec un mauvais pronostic. Le knockdown conditionnel de DEPDC1A par l'utilisation d'un shRNA, inhibe la croissance des lignées de myélome avec une accumulation des cellules en phase G2/M du cycle cellulaire. Cette accumulation est associée à la phosphosphorylation et à la stabilisation de P53, et à l'accumulation de P21/WAF1. Le knockdown de DEPDC1A résulte également en l'expression de marqueurs de cellules plasmocytaires matures dans les lignées de MM : CD31, CD38, CD138, IL6R, CXCR4, CD9, VLA6. DEPDC1A contrôle donc le cycle cellulaire des plasmocytes tumoraux en interférant avec la voie P53 et bloque leur différenciation. Ces travaux montrent que DEPDC1A pourrait jouer un rôle essentiel dans la croissance des cellules de myélome et pourrait être une cible moléculaire prometteuse pour de nouvelles drogues ou de peptides-vaccins dans le MM.Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B neoplasia characterized by the accumulation of a plasma cell clone in the bone marrow. This disease remains incurable, hence the need to identify new therapeutic targets. The use of DNA microarrays has identified many genes whose expression in MM cells is associated with poor or good prognosis. Most of the genes identified in the MM predictions encode proteins involved in DNA replication, repair and recombinaison processes. We wanted to go further in the identification and biological function of these prognostic genes.First, we looked for genes that have a spike expression, i.e. they are highly expressed in MMCs of a fraction of patients. These genes are generally associated with oncogenic events.On the other hand, we have identified pluripotent and adult stem cell genes unrelated to cell cycle and aberrantly expressed by human multiple myeloma cells in association with poor prognosis. The identification of these genes has allowed us to build a powerful prognostic score, stonger than already published scores.Another major aspect is the elucidation of biological mechanisms involving these genes that are responsible for drug resistance and/or short-term survival of patients, to revert them. We evaluated the biological role of DEPDC1A gene which are highly expressed in MM cells in association with a poor prognosis. The conditional knockdown of DEPDC1A by using an shRNA, inhibits the growth of myeloma cell lines with an accumulation of cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle. This accumulation is associated with phosphosphorylation and stabilization of p53, and accumulation of P21/WAF1. The knockdown of DEPDC1A also results in the expression of mature plasma cell in MM cell lines: CD31, CD38, CD138, IL6R, CXCR4, CD9, VLA6. DEPDC1A therefore controls the cell cycle of plasma cells by interfering with the p53 pathway and blocks their differentiation. This work shows that DEPDC1A could play a role in the growth of myeloma cells and could be a promising molecular target for new drugs or vaccine peptides in MM

Identification de nouveaux biomarqueurs pronostiques dans le myélome multiple et évaluation du rôle biologique

Le myélome multiple (MM) est une néoplasie B caractérisée par l'accumulation d'un clone plasmocytaire dans la moelle osseuse. Cette pathologie demeure incurable d'où la nécessité d'identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. L'utilisation des puces à ADN a permis d'identifier, de nombreux gènes dont l'expression par les cellules de MM est associée à un mauvais ou bon pronostic. La plupart des gènes pronostics identifiés dans le MM codent pour des protéines impliquées dans les processus de réplication, de réparation et de recombinaison de l'ADN. Nous avons voulu aller plus loin dans l'identification et la fonction biologique de ces gènes pronostics. D'une part, nous avons recherché les gènes présentant des pics d'expression très élevés gènes spikés' chez une fraction des patients. Ces gènes sont généralement associés à des évènements oncogéniques. D'autre part, nous avons identifié des gènes pronostics non associés à la machinerie du cycle cellulaire et qui sont fortement exprimés dans des cellules souches pluripotentes ou adultes. L'identification de ces gènes nous a permis de construire un score pronostic très puissant, éliminant les scores pronostics publiés à présent. Un autre aspect majeur est l'élucidation des mécanismes biologiques impliquant ces gènes et qui sont responsables de la résistance aux traitements et/ou de la courte durée de survie des patients, afin de pouvoir les reverser. Nous avons donc évalué le rôle biologique de DEPDC1A un gène fortement exprimée dans les cellules de MM en association avec un mauvais pronostic. Le knockdown conditionnel de DEPDC1A par l'utilisation d'un shRNA, inhibe la croissance des lignées de myélome avec une accumulation des cellules en phase G2/M du cycle cellulaire. Cette accumulation est associée à la phosphosphorylation et à la stabilisation de P53, et à l'accumulation de P21/WAF1. Le knockdown de DEPDC1A résulte également en l'expression de marqueurs de cellules plasmocytaires matures dans les lignées de MM : CD31, CD38, CD138, IL6R, CXCR4, CD9, VLA6. DEPDC1A contrôle donc le cycle cellulaire des plasmocytes tumoraux en interférant avec la voie P53 et bloque leur différenciation. Ces travaux montrent que DEPDC1A pourrait jouer un rôle essentiel dans la croissance des cellules de myélome et pourrait être une cible moléculaire prometteuse pour de nouvelles drogues ou de peptides-vaccins dans le MM.Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B neoplasia characterized by the accumulation of a plasma cell clone in the bone marrow. This disease remains incurable, hence the need to identify new therapeutic targets. The use of DNA microarrays has identified many genes whose expression in MM cells is associated with poor or good prognosis. Most of the genes identified in the MM predictions encode proteins involved in DNA replication, repair and recombinaison processes. We wanted to go further in the identification and biological function of these prognostic genes.First, we looked for genes that have a spike expression, i.e. they are highly expressed in MMCs of a fraction of patients. These genes are generally associated with oncogenic events.On the other hand, we have identified pluripotent and adult stem cell genes unrelated to cell cycle and aberrantly expressed by human multiple myeloma cells in association with poor prognosis. The identification of these genes has allowed us to build a powerful prognostic score, stonger than already published scores.Another major aspect is the elucidation of biological mechanisms involving these genes that are responsible for drug resistance and/or short-term survival of patients, to revert them. We evaluated the biological role of DEPDC1A gene which are highly expressed in MM cells in association with a poor prognosis. The conditional knockdown of DEPDC1A by using an shRNA, inhibits the growth of myeloma cell lines with an accumulation of cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle. This accumulation is associated with phosphosphorylation and stabilization of p53, and accumulation of P21/WAF1. The knockdown of DEPDC1A also results in the expression of mature plasma cell in MM cell lines: CD31, CD38, CD138, IL6R, CXCR4, CD9, VLA6. DEPDC1A therefore controls the cell cycle of plasma cells by interfering with the p53 pathway and blocks their differentiation. This work shows that DEPDC1A could play a role in the growth of myeloma cells and could be a promising molecular target for new drugs or vaccine peptides in MM.MONTPELLIER-BU Pharmacie (341722105) / SudocSudocFranceF

MMSET is overexpressed in cancers: Link with tumor aggressiveness.

International audienceMMSET is expressed ubiquitously in early development and its deletion is associated with the malformation syndrome called Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. It is involved in the t(4;14) (p16;q32) chromosomal translocation, which is the second most common translocation in multiple myeloma (MM) and is associated with the worst prognosis. MMSET expression has been shown to promote cellular adhesion, clonogenic growth and tumorigenicity in multiple myeloma. MMSET expression has been recently shown to increase with ascending tumor proliferation activity in glioblastoma multiforme. These data demonstrate that MMSET could be implicated in tumor emergence and/or progression. Therefore, we compared the expression of MMSET in 40 human tumor types - brain, epithelial, lymphoid - to that of their normal tissue counterparts using publicly available gene expression data, including the Oncomine Cancer Microarray database. We found significant overexpression of MMSET in 15 cancers compared to their normal counterparts. Furthermore MMSET is associated with tumor aggressiveness or prognosis in many types of these aforementioned cancers. Taken together, these data suggest that MMSET potentially acts as a pathogenic agent in many cancers. The identification of the targets of MMSET and their role in cell growth and survival will be key to understand how MMSET is associated with tumor development

STEAP1 is overexpressed in cancers: A promising therapeutic target.

International audienceThe six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate (STEAP) protein was identified in advanced prostate cancer and is up-regulated in multiple cancer cell lines, including prostate, bladder, colon, ovarian, and Ewing sarcoma. STEAP1 was described as a suitable antigen for T-cell-based or antibody-based immunotherapy. We have investigated the expression of STEAP1 in 40 human tumor types - brain, epithelial, lymphoid - and in their normal tissue counterparts using publicly available gene expression data, including the Oncomine Cancer Microarray database. STEAP1 was found significantly overexpressed in 11 cancers. In addition, high STEAP1 expression was associated with poor overall survival in colorectal cancer, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma. Taken together, these data suggest that STEAP1 is a potential therapeutic target for T-cell based immunotherapy or antibody therapy in a large panel of cancers

RECQ helicases are deregulated in hematological malignancies in association with a prognostic value

International audienceAbstractBackgroundRECQ helicase family members act as guardians of the genome to assure proper DNA metabolism in response to genotoxic stress. Hematological malignancies are characterized by genomic instability that is possibly related to underlying defects in DNA repair of genomic stability maintenance.MethodsWe have investigated the expression of RECQ helicases in different hematological malignancies and in their normal counterparts using publicly available gene expression data. Furthermore, we explored whether RECQ helicases expression could be associated with tumor progression and prognosis.ResultsExpression of at least one RECQ helicase family member was found significantly deregulated in all hematological malignancies investigated when compared to their normal counterparts. In addition, RECQ helicase expression was associated with a prognostic value in acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.ConclusionRECQ helicase expression is deregulated in hematological malignancies compared to their normal counterparts in association with a prognostic value. Deregulation of RECQ helicases appears to play a role in tumorigenesis and represent potent therapeutic targets for synthetic lethal approaches in hematological malignancies

Phenotypic Characterization of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cells and Prognostic Impact

Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is a fast and cost-effective technique to evaluate the expression of many lymphoid markers in mature B-cell neoplasms, including diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which is the most frequent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this study, we first characterized by MFC the expression of 27 lymphoid markers in 16 DLBCL-derived cell lines to establish a robust algorithm for their authentication. Then, using the expression profile in DLBCL samples of the genes encoding B lymphoid markers that are routinely investigated by MFC, we built a gene expression-based risk score, based on the expression level of BCL2, BCL6, CD11c, and LAIR1, to predict the outcome of patients with DLBCL. This risk score allowed splitting patients in four risk groups, and was an independent predictor factor of overall survival when compared with the previously published prognostic factors. Lastly, to investigate the potential correlation between BCL2, BCL6, CD11c, and LAIR1 protein level and resistance to treatment, we investigated the response of the 16 DLBCL cell lines to cyclophosphamide, etoposide, doxorubicin, and gemcitabine. We found a correlation between BCL6 overexpression and resistance to etoposide. These results show the interest of MFC for the routine characterization of DLBCL cells and tumors samples for research and diagnostic/prognostic purposes

Embryonic stem cell markers expression in cancers.

International audienceThe transcription factors Oct4 and Sox2 are highly expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells. In conjunction with Klf4 and c-Myc, their over-expression can induce pluripotency in both mouse and human somatic cells, indicating that these factors are key regulators of the signaling network necessary for ES cell pluripotency. Self-renewal is a hallmark of stem cells and cancer and stemness program could play an important role in cancer. Therefore we compared the expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc in 40 human tumor types to that of their normal tissue counterparts using publicly available gene expression data, including the Oncomine Cancer Microarray database. We found significant overexpression of at least 1/4 pluripotency factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 or c-Myc in 18 out of the 40 cancer types investigated. Furthermore, within a given tumor category these genes are associated with tumor progression or bad prognosis. A key goal in cancer research is to identify the mechanism by which cancer stem cells arise and self-renew. The overexpression of Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and/or c-Myc could contribute to the pathologic self-renewal characteristics of cancer stem cells