The Emotional Effects of Injury on Female Collegiate Gymnasts

The purpose of this study was to examine affective changes which result from injury in female collegiate gymnasts, using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) instrument (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971 ). Twelve female gymnasts, comprising the Utah State University gymnastics team, completed the POMS twice per month for four months during their 1986-87 competitive season . A comparison group of 12 non-athlete female college students, matched with the gymnasts by age, year in school, and major, completed the POMS on the same schedule as the gymnasts. Injury was defined as orthopedic damage to the gymnast\u27s body as a result of participation in gymnastics, another sport-related activity, or a non-sport-related accident, which forced the gymnast to miss one week of gymnastics practice or one competitive event. Pre- and post-injury POMS profiles were analyzed by visual inspection. Of the four gymnasts who sustained injuries during the season, two exhibited significant POMS profile changes. One gymnast who did not participate during the 1986-87 season, due to an injury sustained the previous year, produced POMS profiles which fluctuated in anticipation of, and in response to, her visits to physicians treating her injury. Comparisons using 1 tests of POMS factor scores of the non-injured gymnasts with those of the non-athlete college students indicated no significant differences between the two groups. Visual comparisons were conducted to ascertain if non-injured gymnasts\u27 POMS profiles were similar to the iceberg profile found by Morgan (1979) in his study of elite athletes. Thirty-six percent of the gymnasts\u27 POMS profiles had the iceberg configuration, as compared to 20 percent of the non-athletes\u27 profiles. Since three of the five (60 percent) of the injured gymnasts in this study had significant changes in POMS factor scores, the hypothesis that injury can produce substantial affective changes in female collegiate gymnasts was supported . Additional research should be conducted to replicate and extend these results and to explore options for optimal treatment of injured athletes. Further comparisons between POMS profiles of both injured and healthy elite, professional, and collegiate athletes is recommended

Incorporation of privacy elements in space station design

Privacy exists to the extent that individuals can control the degree of social contact that they have with one another. The opportunity to withdraw from other people serves a number of important psychological and social functions, and is in the interests of safety, high performance, and high quality of human life. Privacy requirements for Space Station crew members are reviewed, and architectual and other guidelines for helping astronauts achieve desired levels of privacy are suggested. In turn, four dimensions of privacy are discussed: the separation of activities by areas within the Space Station, controlling the extent to which astronauts have visual contact with one another, controlling the extent to which astronauts have auditory contact with one another, and odor control. Each section presents a statement of the problem, a review of general solutions, and specific recommendations. The report is concluded with a brief consideration of how selection, training, and other procedures can also help Space Station occupants achieve satisfactory levels of seclusion

ADCP measurements from the ICESHELF 94 experiment

The ICESHELF 94 Experiment was conducted during April of 1994 from an ice camp in the Lincoln Sea at approximately 84 degrees N, 63 degrees W. An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was operated at the camp from 8 to 24 April. This report describes the ADCP configuration and presents the raw data recorded by the ADCP. Processing steps involved in computing horizontal velocities in geographic coordinates from the raw data are described, and time series and spectra of the resulting data are presented. Horizontal velocities with precision of about 1 cm/s were obtained between 27.7 m and 137.0 m depth with 7.8 m resolution. Data were obtained at five minute intervals, but averaged to 1 hr during processing to suppress instrument noise. Spectra show the velocity field to be dominated by variance at semi-siurnal frequency, with a maximum in energy between 50 and 110m depth. Maximum amplitudes of 8 to 10 cm/s were seen near 80 m depth. Velocities from an InterOcean S4 current meter deployed at the same site were compared to those from the ADCP. The largest differences were associated with peaks in the semi-diurnal oscilations, with the S4 underspeeding relative to the ADCP.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through Contract No. N00014-90-J-1359

Recapping the History of the Antipodes: Reappraising Absolute and Relative Connotations

Article originally published by Research in Geographic EducationDuring the first half of the 20th century teaching and learning about the antipodes were considered a fundamental element within the undergraduate geography curricula. However, in the 1970s the antipodes were absent from Bacon’s surveys of domain, core, and sphere concepts in human and physical geography. In fast forwarding to the 21st century, the term has virtually disappeared from introductory-level geography curricula. This exploration confirms that rather than being an obscure concept, the antipodes percolate across a diverse range of illustrations in mathematics, cartography, geology, astronomy, to cultural geography, literature and social theory. Our discourse supports reclaiming the antipodes for their geodetic value within the undergraduate introductory geography curriculum, but stresses sensitivities when using relative connotations in social, cultural, and political arenas

Preliminary Investigation of Rural-Use Aquifers of Boone, Carroll, and Madison Counties, Arkansas

Approximately 500 water wells having driller\u27s lithologic logs were plottedin Boone, Carroll, and Madison Counties, Arkansas. Three aquifers were found to be used by the rural residents and smaller communities. The most shallow of these is the Mississippian Boone-St. Joe aquifer. This aquifer is generally the least productive having a range of .25 to 60 gpm but a median productivity of only 5 gpm. Well depths for the Boone-St. Joe range from 46 to 464 ft. and have a median depth of 225 ft. The Boone-St. Joe aquifer is unconfined to semi-confined and yields sufficient quantities of water only when there is an adequate saturated thickness (generally\u3e100 ft.) and/or a fracture or water-filled cave is intersected. The next aquifer is the first sand below the Chattanooga Shale which can be composed on one to three of the following sandstones: upper Everton, Clifty, and/or Sylamore. The range in yield for this newly designated aquifer is 1 to 70 gpm with a median productivity of 10 gpm. Well depths for the aquifer range from 150 to 824 ft. with a median depth of 460 feet. An isopach map was prepared for this sandstone aquifer zone. There is a rapid thinning trend to the north from 250 ft in central Madison County to 0 ft near the Missouri border. If there is insufficiency or permeability of this aquifer, residents must drill deeper to the Cotter Dolomite. The Cotter-Jefferson City Dolomite is the next aquifer below the Sylamore-Clifty-Everton aquifer. This aquifer zone has a range in yield of 1.5 to 200 gpm and a median yield of 15 gpm. Well depths range from 130 to 1010 ft. with a median depth of 475 feet. A statistical correlation procedure was made among well yield (gpm), photo-lineament proximity, and regolith thickness for all these aquifers in Boone County. The results indicate that more water can be obtained in areas of deep weathering and that deeper weathering is found closer to photo-lineaments. A strong relationship between lineament proximity and yield exists when the aquifers are combined but not for each of the individual aquifers

A Mouse Amidase Specific for N-terminal Asparagine: the gene, the enzyme, and their function in the N-end rule pathway

The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. In both fungi and mammals, the tertiary destabilizing N-terminal residues asparagine and glutamine function through their conversion, by enzymatic deamidation, into the secondary destabilizing residues aspartate and glutamate, whose destabilizing activity requires their enzymatic conjugation to arginine, one of the primary destabilizing residues. We report the isolation and analysis of a mouse cDNA and the corresponding gene (termed Ntan1) that encode a 310-residue amidohydrolase (termed NtN-amidase) specific for N-terminal asparagine. The ~17-kilobase pair Ntan1 gene is located in the proximal region of mouse chromosome 16 and contains 10 exons ranging from 54 to 177 base pairs in length. The ~1.4-kilobase pair Ntan1 mRNA is expressed in all of the tested mouse tissues and cell lines and is down-regulated upon the conversion of myoblasts into myotubes. The Ntan1 promoter is located ~500 base pairs upstream of the Ntan1 start codon. The deduced amino acid sequence of mouse NtN-amidase is 88% identical to the sequence of its porcine counterpart, but bears no significant similarity to the sequence of the NTA1-encoded N-terminal amidohydrolase of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which can deamidate either N-terminal asparagine or glutamine. The expression of mouse NtN-amidase in S. cerevisiae nta1Delta was used to verify that NtN-amidase retains its asparagine selectivity in vivo and can implement the asparagine-specific subset of the N-end rule. Further dissection of mouse Ntan1, including its null phenotype analysis, should illuminate the functions of the N-end rule, most of which are still unknown