The Importance of Digital Modeling to Understand the Functional Change of Urban Landuses

تعد النمذجة الرياضية احد الأدوات المهمة في اشتقاق النظريات وبيان العلاقات السببية بين المتغيرات المكانية لمختلف الظواهر،ولكون النظرية العلمية وضعت لغرض اجراء التحليل المكاني للظاهرة عبر الزمن الا أنها استخدمت النمذجة الرياضية لغرض إضفاء طابع تجريبي في ربط المتغيرات والعوامل المؤثرة في الظاهرة وبالتالي استخلاص مؤشرات علمية منطقية تزود الباحثين والمعنيين فهماً كاملاً عن الظاهرة واتجاهاتها المستقبلية فضلاً عن الآلية المناسبة للتعامل معها، وشهدت النمذجة الرياضية تطوراً علمياً بعد دخول التكنولوجيا الرقمية ، فأصبحت الصياغة الرياضية لمختلف النماذج تتم بواسطة الحاسوب عبر برامجيات مخصصة ومعدة لذلك الغرض، وتمثل نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) واحدة من أهم النظم الرقمية التي تتيح للباحثين إمكانية توظيف النمذجة الرياضية الرقمية في تحليل وتفسير العلاقات المكانية لمختلف الظواهر عبر الزمن. تعد استعمالات الأرض الحضرية (Urban landuses) واحدة من الظواهر المكانية في المدن التي أنشئت لتؤدي وظائف متنوعة كالسكن والتسوق والنقل والحركة والتصنيع والخدمات التعليمية والصحية وغيرها للمدينة من خلال العلاقات والتفاعلات فيما بينها وتخضع لقواعد نظرية منطقية تلائم بيئة المدينة وتدار من خلال لائحة القوانين التخطيطية والادارية على مستوى مخطط استعمالات الارض التفصيلي والمخططات الأساسية للمدن. تأثرت استعمالات الارض الحضرية في مدينة النجف خلال المدة 1994 ولغاية 2018 بجملة من العوامل ادت الى تغير العلاقة بينها فتغيرت وظائفها واصبحت ذات طابع مختلف عن الحالة المخطط لها، مما انعكس على جملة من المشكلات الحضرية المختلفة، مما دعا الباحث الى اعتماد النمذجة الرياضية الرقمية وتحديدا نماذج الانحدار الجغرافي الموزون ونماذج الارتباط لغرض تحديد العوامل المسببة للتغير الوظيفي في استعمالات الارض الحضرية في المدينة خلال مدة الدراسة فضلا عن محاولة تفسير المؤشرات والنتائج المستخلصة وتمثيلها بخرائط رقمية تتيح للجهات التخطيطية والإدارية إمكانية وضع الحلول والمعالجات والفهم الكامل للظاهرة خلال مدة الدراسة.Mathematical modeling is one of the important tools to derive theories and indicate causal relations between spatial variability of various phenomena, scientific theory developed for the purpose of conducting spatial analysis of the phenomenon through time they used mathematical modeling to link Variables and factors influencing the phenomenon. Mathematical modeling has evolved after entering the digital technology, the wording of the various models is done by the computer via custom software designed for that purpose, geographic information systems (GIS) is one of the most important digital systems that allow researchers using mathematical modeling In the analysis and interpretation of spatial relations of various phenomena through fellowship. Urban land uses are one of spatial phenomena in cities created for various functions such as housing and shopping, transport and mobility, manufacturing, education, health and other services to the city through the relationships and interactions among them and are subject to the rules of logical theory suit City environment and administered through planning and management regulations . Urban landuses affected in Najaf during 1994 till 2018  by factors influenced the change of the relationship between them, have changed their functions have become different in nature from the planned situation, This led to problems,and Prompting the researcher to adopt digital mathematical modeling specifically )GWR) to identify causal factors of functional change in urban land uses in the city during the study period as well as try to interpret the indicators and results and representation Digital maps allow for the possibility of developing a planning and management

First Case Report of Primary Testicular Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma from the Western Region of Saudi Arabia

Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) represents 1-2% of all types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) and 1-10% of testicular neoplasms. Up to the best of my knowledge, this is the first case of PTL of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in a 60-year-old man presented with a painless mass in the left testis as revealed by physical examination in a tertiary care hospital in Al-Madinah Al-Munwarah in the western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Radiological examination revealed a large well-defined heterogeneous predominantly hypo-echoic mass with increased vascularity in the upper portion of the testis. On the other hand, histopathological examination revealed a tumor involving the whole left testis, which was large (measuring 6 3.5  3.3 cm), solid and dark red with focal areas of hemorrhage and epididymal infiltration. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity of leucocyte common antigen (LCA), pan B-cell marker (CD20) and negativity of pan T-cell marker (CD3). Other immunohistochemical markers such as CD10, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin and S100 protein were also negative. However, there was a marked expression of Ki67 and Bcl2 markers. Accordingly, the diagnosis of DLBCL was established. The tumor was classified as stage I according to the Ann Arbor system. The case was treated by orchiectomy followed by prophylactic anthracycline-based chemotherapy and irradiation of the contralateral testis and central nervous system

Cten Is Targeted by Kras Signalling to Regulate Cell Motility in the Colon and Pancreas

CTEN/TNS4 is an oncogene in colorectal cancer (CRC) which enhances cell motility although the mechanism of Cten regulation is unknown. We found an association between high Cten expression and KRAS/BRAF mutation in a series of CRC cell lines (p = 0.03) and hypothesised that Kras may regulate Cten. To test this, Kras was knocked-down (using small interfering (si)RNA) in CRC cell lines SW620 and DLD1 (high Cten expressors and mutant for KRAS). In each cell line, Kras knockdown was mirrored by down-regulation of Cten Since Kras signals through Braf, we tested the effect of Kras knockdown in CRC cell line Colo205 (which shows high Cten expression and is mutant for BRAF but wild type for KRAS). Cten levels were unaffected by Kras knockdown whilst Braf knockdown resulted in reduced Cten expression suggesting that Kras signals via Braf to regulate Cten. Quantification of Cten mRNA and protein analysis following proteasome inhibition suggested that regulation was of Cten transcription. Kras knockdown inhibited cell motility. To test whether this could be mediated through Cten, SW620 cells were co-transfected with Kras specific siRNAs and a Cten expression vector. Restoring Cten expression was able to restore cell motility despite Kras knockdown (transwell migration and wounding assay, p<0.001 for both). Since KRAS is mutated in many cancers, we investigated whether this relationship could be demonstrated in other tumour models. The experiments were repeated in the pancreatic cancer cell lines Colo357 & PSN-1(both high Cten expressors and mutant for KRAS). In both cell lines, Kras was shown to regulate Cten and forced expression of Cten was able to rescue loss of cell motility following Kras knockdown in PSN-1 (transwell migration assay, p<0.001). We conclude that, in the colon and pancreas, Cten is a downstream target of Kras and may be a mechanism through which Kras regulates of cell motility

Histological Examination in Obtaining a Diagnosis in Patients with Lymphadenopathy in Lima, Peru.

The differential diagnosis for lymphadenopathy is wide and clinical presentations overlap, making obtaining an accurate diagnosis challenging. We sought to characterize the clinical and radiological characteristics, histological findings, and diagnoses for a cohort of patients with lymphadenopathy of unknown etiology. 121 Peruvian adults with lymphadenopathy underwent lymph node biopsy for microbiological and histopathological evaluation. Mean patient age was 41 years (Interquartile Range 26-52), 56% were males, and 39% were HIV positive. Patients reported fever (31%), weight loss (23%), and headache (22%); HIV infection was associated with fever (P < 0.05) and gastrointestinal symptoms (P < 0.05). Abnormalities were reported in 40% of chest X-rays (N = 101). Physicians suspected TB in 92 patients (76%), lymphoma in 19 patients (16%), and other malignancy in seven patients (5.8%). Histological diagnoses (N = 117) included tuberculosis (34%), hyperplasia (27%), lymphoma (13%), and nonlymphoma malignancy (14%). Hyperplasia was more common (P < 0.001) and lymphoma less common (P = 0.005) among HIV-positive than HIV-negative patients. There was a trend toward reduced frequency of caseous necrosis in samples from HIV-positive than HIV-negative TB patients (67 versus 93%, P = 0.055). The spectrum of diagnoses was broad, and clinical and radiological features correlated poorly with diagnosis. On the basis of clinical features, physicians over-diagnosed TB, and under-diagnosed malignancy. Although this may not be inappropriate in resource-limited settings where TB is the most frequent easily treatable cause of lymphadenopathy, diagnostic delays can be detrimental to patients with malignancy. It is important that patients with lymphadenopathy undergo a full diagnostic work-up including sampling for histological evaluation to obtain an accurate diagnosis

Soil properties change, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with plants growing on the post-gold mining land of Bombana, Indonesia

This study aimed to investigate the effect of gold mining on soil properties. Soil samples were taken from the post-gold mining land, the property of PT Panca Logam Nusantara and PT Alam Buana Indonesia, and a nearby natural forest in Bombana, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The next step focused on specifying soil pH, total nitrogen (TN) and carbon (TC) concentration, C/N ratio, available phosphorus (P) concentration, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cd and Pb concentration, texture and spore amount, AMF resource and AMF colonization. The result shows that the pH in post-gold mining soil was higher than that in natural forest soil. Meanwhile, TN, TC, available P, and CEC of post-gold mining soil got lower compared with these of natural forest soil. The texture in the post-mining soil was clay loam, while that in natural forest soil was clay. Total of 10 AMF species belonging to five genera and three families were found in a post-gold mining area. Soil pH, CEC, soil texture, Mn, and total Fe had a negative relation with AMF colonization and spore count, while organic C, total N, C/N ratio, P2O5 and silt had a positive relation. Sand was proven to have a strong and positive correlation with the amount of AMF species. Adding organic matter and fertilization as well as applying mycorrhizal biofertilizers, were urgently required to support the effort in restoring post-gold mining soil

Solution Structure of Tensin2 SH2 Domain and Its Phosphotyrosine-Independent Interaction with DLC-1

Background: Src homology 2 (SH2) domain is a conserved module involved in various biological processes. Tensin family member was reported to be involved in tumor suppression by interacting with DLC-1 (deleted-in-liver-cancer-1) via its SH2 domain. We explore here the important questions that what the structure of tensin2 SH2 domain is, and how it binds to DLC-1, which might reveal a novel binding mode. Principal Findings: Tensin2 SH2 domain adopts a conserved SH2 fold that mainly consists of five b-strands flanked by two a-helices. Most SH2 domains recognize phosphorylated ligands specifically. However, tensin2 SH2 domain was identified to interact with nonphosphorylated ligand (DLC-1) as well as phosphorylated ligand. Conclusions: We determined the solution structure of tensin2 SH2 domain using NMR spectroscopy, and revealed the interactions between tensin2 SH2 domain and its ligands in a phosphotyrosine-independent manner