Üretim performansı ve apis mellifera scutellata arı ırkı tarafından gercekleştirilen çeşitli önemli davranışlar

Honey bee colonies exhibit a wide range of behavioral variations depending on genetic origin and environmental factors. Therefore, the performance evaluation of honey bee races is critical to laying a foundation for future selection and improvement in Ethiopia. Thirty colonies of Apis mellifera scutellata (A. m. scutellata) similar in resources contained in the hive were kept in improved box hives and evaluated through various behaviors (i.e. Reproductive swarming tendency, foraging activity, defensive behavior, hygienic behavior, brood population, honey production, and absconding behavior) during the active season and dearth season. In the study area, the A. m. scutellata race has a higher swarming tendency in the active season, with up to 3.42 queen caps per hive prepared per year. Defensive behavior during the active season takes an average of 25.41 seconds after disturbances and follows up to a 212.20-meter distance. But during the dearth season, the colony slightly took a long time to reach aggressiveness after disturbance (31.28 seconds) and followed the observer for a short distance (45.58 meters). The closed brood production is higher (149 units per hive) during the active season and nectar production units per hive are reduced by 50% as compared to the dearth season. The yielding performance of the race per frame ranged from 1.3 kg to 1.5 kg, and an average of 14 kg of honey per harvest. The A. m. scutellata exhibited an absconding tendency of 34.5% if there was any disruption. A. m. scutellata showed good performance in hygienic behaviors (>95%), but undesirable behaviors in defensive behavior, and swarming tendencies make it difficult to manage honey bees. However, the race has good performance in foraging and hygienic behaviors. Further, studies of the honey bee race through selection and breeding could be conducted to reduce the higher defensive and swarming tendency of A. m. scutellata to improve production performance.Bal arısı kolonileri, genetik kokene ve cevresel faktorlere bağlı olarak cok ceşitli davranış farklılıkları sergiler. Bu nedenle, bal arısı ırklarının performans değerlendirmesi, Etiyopya'da gelecekteki secim ve iyileştirme icin bir temel oluşturmak icin kritik oneme sahiptir. Kovanda bulunan kaynaklara benzer otuz Apis mellifera scutellata kolonisi geliştirilmiş kutu kovanlarda tutuldu ve aktif mevsim ve kıtlık mevsimi boyunca ceşitli davranışlarla değerlendirildi (orn; ureme, oğul eğilimi, yayılma davranışı, savunma, hijyenik davranış, yavru ve bal uretimi ve kovan terk). İnceleme alanında A. m. scutellata ırkı, aktif sezonda, kovan başına yılda 3,42 ana yuksuğu hazırlamasıyla, daha yuksek bir oğul verme eğilimine sahiptir. Aktif sezonda savunma davranışı, rahatsızlıklardan sonra ortalama 25.41 saniye suruyor ve 212.20 metrelik bir mesafeyi takip etmektedir. Ancak kıtlık mevsiminde, koloninin rahatsızlıktan sonra saldırganlığa ulaşması biraz uzun surmekte (31.28 saniye) ve gozlemciyi kısa bir mesafe (45.58 metre) takip etmektedir. Aktif sezonda kapalı kulucka uretimi daha yuksektir (kovan başına 149 unite) ve kovan başına nektar uretimi kıtlık donemine gore %50 azalmıştır. Cerceve başına verim performansı 1,3 kg ile 1,5 kg arasında değişmekte ve hasat başına ortalama 14 kg bal alınmıştır. A. m. scutellata, herhangi bir rahatsızlık olması durumunda %34.5'lik bir kacma eğilimi sergilemektedir. Bunun yanında hijyenik davranışlarda iyi performans gostermekte (>%95), ancak savunma davranışında istenmeyen davranışlar ve oğul verme eğilimleri bal arılarını yonetmeyi zorlaştırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, ırk, yayılma ve hijyenik davranışlarda iyi bir performansa sahiptir. Ayrıca, gelecekte seleksiyon ve ıslah calışmaları ile savunma ve oğul verme eğilimi azaltılarak uretim performansını artırılabilir

Breeding Soundness Evaluation in Ram and Bucks under Community-Based Breeding Program (CBBP) Sites of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the breeding soundness (BSE) of rams and bucks used in community-based breeding programs (CBBPs). The evaluation was done in April 2022. The data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedures of the SPSS (version 22). Based on the criteria set for physical soundness, 88.89% and 87.32% of rams and bucks were satisfactory. The overall semen volume per ejaculation in small ruminants under study was 0.67 ± 0.04 ml with a minimum of 0.1 ml in buck and 1.2 ml both in rams and bucks. The average gross semen motility score was 3.55 ± 0.09 (>70% of sperm cells are active). A significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed between ram and buck semen concentrations, which was 4.06 ± 0.42 (109) and 3.89 ± 0.23 (109), respectively. Based on the selected examination parameters, 84.23% of the mating males of small ruminants were satisfactory for breeding, from which rams and bucks contribute to 86.48% and 82.18%, respectively. Rams and bucks above 22 cm of scrotal circumference at two and lower age, alert and active with no feet, eye, and conformation abnormalities can be selected for mating. In CBBP sites, it is better to furnish semen evaluation equipment and technical capacity to implement artificial insemination

Community knowledge, perceptions, and practices regarding malaria and its control in Jabi Tehnan district, Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia

BACKGROUND : Use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), community-based malaria education, prompt diagnosis and treatment are key programme components of malaria prevention and control in Ethiopia. However, the effectiveness of these interventions is often undermined by various challenges, including insecticide and drug resistance, the plasticity of malaria vectors feeding and biting behaviour, and certain household factors that lead to misuse and poor utilization of LLINs. The primary objective of this study was to document households’ perceptions towards malaria and assess the prevalence of the disease and the constraints related to the ongoing interventions in Ethiopia (LLINs, IRS, community mobilization house screening). METHODS : The study was conducted in Jabi Tehnan district, Northwestern Ethiopia, from November 2019 to March 2020. A total of 3010 households from 38 villages were randomly selected for socio-economic and demographic survey. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in 11 different health clusters considering agro-ecological differences. A total of 1256 children under 10 years of age were screened for malaria parasites using microscopy to determine malaria prevalence. Furthermore, 5-year malaria trend analysis was undertaken based on data obtained from the district health office to understand the disease dynamics. RESULTS : Malaria knowledge in the area was high as all FGD participants correctly identified mosquito bites during the night as sources of malaria transmission. Delayed health-seeking behaviour remains a key behavioural challenge in malaria control as it took patients on average 4 days before reporting the case at the nearby health facility. On average, households lost 2.53 working days per person-per malaria episode and they spent US$ 18 per person per episode. Out of the 1256 randomly selected under 10 children tested for malaria parasites, 11 (0.89%) were found to be positive. Malaria disproportionately affected the adult segment of the population more, with 50% of the total cases reported from households being from among individuals who were 15 years or older. The second most affected group was the age group between 5 and 14 years followed by children aged under 5, with 31% and 14% burden, respectively. CONCLUSION : Despite the achievement of universal coverage in terms of LLINs access, utilization of vector control interventions in the area remained low. Using bed nets for unintended purposes remained a major challenge. Therefore, continued community education and communication work should be prioritized in the study area to bring about the desired behavioural changes.Additional file 1: Plate S1. Intact bed net is being used for unintended purpose such as transporting bag for crops from field to home (Photo courtesy: Abebe Asale).Additional file 2: Plate S2. Intact bed net is being used for unintended purpose such as bag for animal feed or hay near home (Photo courtesy: Abebe Asale).Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)http://www.malariajournal.comam2022School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH

Estimating mortality and disability in Peru before the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of the Disease Study 2019

Background: Estimating and analyzing trends and patterns of health loss are essential to promote efficient resource allocation and improve Peru’s healthcare system performance. Methods: Using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (2019), we assessed mortality and disability in Peru from 1990 to 2019. We report demographic and epidemiologic trends in terms of population, life expectancy at birth (LE), mortality, incidence, prevalence, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by the major diseases and risk factors in Peru. Finally, we compared Peru with 16 countries in the Latin American (LA) region. Results: The Peruvian population reached 33.9 million inhabitants (49.9% women) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, LE at birth increased from 69.2 (95% uncertainty interval 67.8–70.3) to 80.3 (77.2–83.2) years. This increase was driven by the decline in under-5 mortality (−80.7%) and mortality from infectious diseases in older age groups (+60 years old). The number of DALYs in 1990 was 9.2 million (8.5–10.1) and reached 7.5 million (6.1–9.0) in 2019. The proportion of DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) increased from 38.2% in 1990 to 67.9% in 2019. The all-ages and age-standardized DALYs rates and YLLs rates decreased, but YLDs rates remained constant. In 2019, the leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), ischemic heart disease, road injuries, and low back pain. The leading risk factors associated with DALYs in 2019 were undernutrition, high body mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, and air pollution. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Peru experienced one of the highest LRIs-DALYs rates in the LA region. Conclusion: In the last three decades, Peru experienced significant improvements in LE and child survival and an increase in the burden of NCDs and associated disability. The Peruvian healthcare system must be redesigned to respond to this epidemiological transition. The new design should aim to reduce premature deaths and maintain healthy longevity, focusing on effective coverage and treatment of NCDs and reducing and managing the related disability

Effect of replacing fish meal by sweet lupin meal on growth performance of African catfish fingerlings, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Scarcity of fish meal remains one of the major challenges in the development of aquaculture in Ethiopia. A growth performance experiment was conducted to investigate the best inclusion level of sweet lupin meal (SLM) in replacing fish meal (FM) to grow African catfish fingerlings, Clarias gariepinus. A total of 120 juveniles weighing an average of 6.01 to 6.09 g were stocked at a rate of 100 fishes m-3. The control group received 100% FM and 3 treatments with different proportions of SLM replacement level (50%, 75% and 100%) were tested and feed was provided at a rate of 5% of their live body weight. The mean live weight varied from 8.5 g to 30 g and condition factor from 0.44 to 0.68 after 9 weeks of feeding. The fingerlings grown in 50% SLM and 50% FM formulated feed showed better condition and growth than 75% and 100%. The feed conversion ratio was higher for all treatments but the FCR at 100% replacement level was significantly different from others. Cost of production was higher on the control group, while the profit index was better for treatment I. The study revealed the possibility of growing C. gariepinus juveniles to 30 g sized fingerlings in 9 weeks by replacing 50% of FM with cheaper and locally available SLM

Artificial propagation of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in aquaria

Induced spawning of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was successfully carried out using natural hormone (homoplastic hormone-pituitary extract from Clarias gariepinus). The study which was carried out at Bahir Dar Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life Research Centre lasted 78 days (June to October). Three gravid females and three mature males of C. gariepinus (weight range of 305 to 1035 g) were used for the study. In all, three trials were carried out in glass aquaria with 50 litre volume. The spawning fecundity of the three C. gariepinus injected with catfish pituitary extract varied from 43,456 to 75,460 with mean fecundity value 54,572. The mean percentage fertilization, hatching rate and survival rate of the eggs were 81.5 ± 2.36, 87.13 ± 0.13 and 87.04 ± 5.98, respectively. This study has shown that C. gariepinus can be successfully bred using pituitary of C. gariepinus with simple low cost technique using glass aquaria.Key words/phrases: Aquaria, Catfish, Fecundity, Induced spawning, Survival rate

Does Azadirachita indica leaves, Stylosanthes fruticosa and Dolichus lablab substitute conventional concentrate mixture: Evidence from the sheep feeding trial

Conventional concentrate protein supplements are available at a very high price in developing countries, and this has led to the use of alternative sources such as forage legumes and multi-purpose tropical trees to improve the nitrogen deficiency in roughage feeds. Consequently, this study was planned to analyze the basis that Stylosanthes fruticosa (SF), Dolichus lablab (DL), and Neem tree leaves (NL) substitute the feeding value of commercial concentrate mixture (CM) for growing lambs. Twenty-eight-yearling intact male Gumuz sheep with an initial mean body weight of 19.42 ± 3.51 kg (means ± SD) were allotted through a randomized complete block design to 4 treatments and 7 replicates. Treatments were Rhodes grass hay fed ad libitum to all treatments plus 300 g CM (T1), 385 g NL (T2), 435 g SF (T3), and 355 g DL (T4). The total dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), NDF, ADF, and ADL intake of sheep supplemented with SF was higher (P < 0.01) than in other treatments. Supplementation of CM had higher (P < 0.01) crude protein digestibility than NL, SF, and DL. Body weight change and average daily gain were higher (P < 0.05) on diets based on supplementation of CM than on those based on DL and SF but did not differ from NL. The total edible offal showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) among treatments; a higher value was observed for the group supplemented with CM. Liver and total fat differed significantly (P < 0.01) among treatments. The partial budget analysis result indicates that the NL, SL, and DL supplements are more profitable than CM. Because of their biological and economic feasibility, NL, and DL can be replaced CM and be employed in feeding systems depending on their availability and relative cost