SMOKING IS A STRONG INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR FOR FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERMEDIATE CORONARY LESIONS

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Hyperdominance in Amazonian Forest Carbon Cycling

While Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, the abundance of trees is skewed strongly towards relatively few ‘hyperdominant’ species. In addition to their diversity, Amazonian trees are a key component of the global carbon cycle, assimilating and storing more carbon than any other ecosystem on Earth. Here we ask, using a unique data set of 530 forest plots, if the functions of storing and producing woody carbon are concentrated in a small number of tree species, whether the most abundant species also dominate carbon cycling, and whether dominant species are characterized by specific functional traits. We find that dominance of forest function is even more concentrated in a few species than is dominance of tree abundance, with only ≈1% of Amazon tree species responsible for 50% of carbon storage and productivity. Although those species that contribute most to biomass and productivity are often abundant, species maximum size is also influential, while the identity and ranking of dominant species varies by function and by region

An assessment of the impact of the European single market act on the United States' telecommunications industry and market

M.S.John R. Mc Intyr

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Combretum farinosum Kunth and Combretum igneiflorum Rendón & R. Delgad. extracts

Infectious diseases like bacterial, fungal, viral are the top killers of a third of the world population. Limited access to comprehensive treatment forces people to rely on herbal concoctions for treatment. Combretum farinosum Kunth and C. igneiflorum Rendón & R. Delgad. are two similar vine plant species that have insufficient scientific investigation. The purpose of the study is to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of different parts of Combretum igneiflorum (roots, stem, and leaves) and Combretum farinosum (roots, fruits, leaves, and stem) using petroleum ether, acetone, and ethanol-water.  The crude extract was tested against food-borne pathogens. Twenty-seven crude extracts were prepared from C. igneiflorum (roots, stem, and leaves) and C. farinosum (roots, stem, leaves, and fruits) and screened for their antimicrobial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant, Bacillus subtilis), four Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli B), and one fungus species (Candida albicans) using agar disc-diffusion, and microbroth dilution assays. Results show that crude extracts of both plants tested had broad antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. farinosum extract against tested bacteria ranged from 0.32 to 100 mg/ml, whereas C. igneiflorum extracts that showed antibacterial activity ranged from 2.5 to 75 mg/ml. Gram-positive bacteria tested were more susceptible to the extracts than gram-negative bacteria. Crude extracts of C. igneiflorum and C. farinosum have broad antimicrobial activity against the microbes tested. Keywords: Combretum farinosum Kunth, Combretum igneiflorum Rendón & R. Delgad. MTT, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Antifungal, Antibacterial