Agreement between the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

Agreement between CAAS and CIMMYT signed in Beijing, China on September 25, 1997. Agreement establishes cooperation for the promotion and acceleration in research and training for the scientific improvement of wheat and maize for China and other countries set forth in nine articles

Solubilization of Therapeutic Agents in Micellar Nanomedicines

We use atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the binding mechanisms of therapeutic agents in PEG-ylated micellar nanocarriers (SSM). In our experiments, SSM in buffer solutions can solubilize either ≈11 small bexarotene molecules or ≈6 (2 in low ionic strength buffer) human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) molecules. Free energy calculations reveal that molecules of the poorly water-soluble drug bexarotene can reside at the micellar ionic interface of the PEG corona, with their polar ends pointing out. Alternatively, they can reside in the alkane core center, where several bexarotene molecules can self-stabilize by forming a cluster held together by a network of hydrogen bonds. We also show that highly charged molecules, such as VIP, can be stabilized at the SSM ionic interface by Coulombic coupling between their positively charged residues and the negatively charged phosphate headgroups of the lipids. The obtained results illustrate that atomistic simulations can reveal drug solubilization character in nanocarriers and be used in efficient optimization of novel nanomedicines

Demographic characteristics of PLHIV starting HAART at various CD4 count categories (cells/mm3) and time interval between diagnosis of HIV and starting HAART.

<p>Demographic characteristics of PLHIV starting HAART at various CD4 count categories (cells/mm3) and time interval between diagnosis of HIV and starting HAART.</p

Multivariate Cox's proportional hazards regression model of independent predictors of treatment failure for first-line HAART, adjusted for age, sex, baseline clinical status, viral load and CD4 count, and stratified by year of starting first-line HAART.

<p>Multivariate Cox's proportional hazards regression model of independent predictors of treatment failure for first-line HAART, adjusted for age, sex, baseline clinical status, viral load and CD4 count, and stratified by year of starting first-line HAART.</p

Mean number of inpatient Days, outpatient and dayward visits for PLHIV on different first-line HAART regimens, annual cost for different HAART regimens and cost-effectiveness analyses comparing 2NRTIs+NNRTI and 2NRTIs+PI_boosted for different CD4 count categories (2006 UK prices).

<p>Mean number of inpatient Days, outpatient and dayward visits for PLHIV on different first-line HAART regimens, annual cost for different HAART regimens and cost-effectiveness analyses comparing 2NRTIs+NNRTI and 2NRTIs+PI_boosted for different CD4 count categories (2006 UK prices).</p

Proportion of people starting HAART at CD4 count >350 cells/mm3 who failed first-line therapy and time to treatment failure (days) comparing 2NRTIs+NNRTI with 2NRTIs+PI_boosted first-line regimens.

<p>Proportion of people starting HAART at CD4 count >350 cells/mm3 who failed first-line therapy and time to treatment failure (days) comparing 2NRTIs+NNRTI with 2NRTIs+PI_boosted first-line regimens.</p

Proportion of people starting HAART at CD4 counts 101 – 200 cells/mm3 who failed first-line therapy and time to treatment failure (days) comparing 2NRTIs+NNRTI with 2NRTIs+PI_boosted first-line regimens.

<p>Proportion of people starting HAART at CD4 counts 101 – 200 cells/mm3 who failed first-line therapy and time to treatment failure (days) comparing 2NRTIs+NNRTI with 2NRTIs+PI_boosted first-line regimens.</p

Annual cost of treatment and care by Stage of HIV Infection and different types of Anti-Retroviral Therapy in UK pound, 2006 UK prices and proportion of cost due to Antiretroviral Therapy (%).

<p>Annual cost of treatment and care by Stage of HIV Infection and different types of Anti-Retroviral Therapy in UK pound, 2006 UK prices and proportion of cost due to Antiretroviral Therapy (%).</p

Number of People Living with HIV Using NHS Services by Stage of HIV 1997–2006 [4] and Projected Figures for 2007–2013 (in italics).

<p>Number of People Living with HIV Using NHS Services by Stage of HIV 1997–2006 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015677#pone.0015677-Health2" target="_blank">[4]</a> and Projected Figures for 2007–2013 (in italics).</p

Annual Average UK Population Cost 1997–2006 and Projections 2007–2013 based on three Scenarios all including Community Care Costs (UK 2006 prices).

<p>Annual Average UK Population Cost 1997–2006 and Projections 2007–2013 based on three Scenarios all including Community Care Costs (UK 2006 prices).</p