Temporal genomics in Hawaiian crickets reveals compensatory intragenomic coadaptation during adaptive evolution

This study was supported with funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council to N.W.B. (NE/T000619/1, NE/T014806/1, NE/L011255/1) and M.B. (NE/W001519/1). We are grateful for bioinformatics support from Iain Milne and the use of the UK\u2019s Crop Diversity Bioinformatics HPC, funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/S019669/1), as well as the St Andrews Bioinformatics Unit, funded by a Wellcome Trust ISSF award (105621/Z/14/Z).Theory predicts that compensatory genetic changes reduce negative indirect effects of selected variants during adaptive evolution, but evidence is scarce. Here, we test this in a wild population of Hawaiian crickets using temporal genomics and a high-quality chromosome-level cricket genome. In this population, a mutation, flatwing, silences males and rapidly spread due to an acoustically-orienting parasitoid. Our sampling spanned a social transition during which flatwing fixed and the population went silent. We find long-range linkage disequilibrium around the putative flatwing locus was maintained over time, and hitchhiking genes had functions related to negative flatwing-associated effects. We develop a combinatorial enrichment approach using transcriptome data to test for compensatory, intragenomic coevolution. Temporal changes in genomic selection were distributed genome-wide and functionally associated with the population’s transition to silence, particularly behavioural responses to silent environments. Our results demonstrate how ‘adaptation begets adaptation’; changes to the sociogenetic environment accompanying rapid trait evolution can generate selection provoking further, compensatory adaptation.Peer reviewe

A Systematic Approach to Arthroscopic Femoroplasty With Conservative Management of the Hip Capsule

As hip arthroscopy has become increasingly used to treat femoroacetabular impingement, the importance of a complete femoroplasty to properly address cam impingement has been demonstrated. In doing so, different capsulotomy techniques have been described for gaining access to the hip joint as well as the peripheral compartment for cam resection. The periportal capsulotomy technique allows joint access while preserving the structural integrity of the iliofemoral ligament, obviating the need for capsular closure. We present a systematic approach and surgical technique for performing a complete arthroscopic femoroplasty while maintaining conservative hip capsule management through a periportal capsulotomy

Arthroscopic Primary Bundle-Specific Posterior Cruciate Ligament Repair with Transosseous Fixation

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are most commonly associated with multiligamentous knee injuries. Isolated rupture can be treated nonoperatively with bracing, but with concomitant surgical injuries or high-grade instability, operative intervention may be warranted. While historically PCL injuries were surgically managed with open primary repair, contemporary surgical options include arthroscopic primary repair and reconstruction. Appropriate patient selection is critical in avoiding residual laxity following primary repair, and innovations in advanced imaging and arthroscopic technology now allow for identification of suitable patients. In this technical vote, we describe a method for anatomic bundle-specific primary PCL repair with transosseous fixation. The appropriate patient for this procedure has a femoral-sided avulsion of 1 or both PCL bundles, presents with an acute or subacute injury, and has adequate tissue quality for bundle reapproximation to the footprint. This allows for minimally invasive, anatomic restoration of tension for each bundle

Arthroscopic Glenoid Reconstruction With Iliac Crest Bone Block Transfer in the Beach Chair Position

Large anterior glenoid defects pose significant challenges for shoulder stability. Arthroscopic glenoid reconstruction techniques using distal tibia allograft have been proposed as alternatives to open or arthroscopic Latarjet procedures but can increase operating room costs. Iliac crest bone block autograft is a cost-effective option without concern for the graft being undersized. Previous techniques have described arthroscopic glenoid reconstruction in the lateral position, but the beach chair position provides ease of access to both the iliac crest bone graft harvest and arthroscopic bone transfer, as well as facilitates possible conversion to an open approach if necessary. We present our surgical technique for performing an arthroscopic glenoid reconstruction with iliac crest autograft bone block transfer in the beach chair position

Proximal Hamstring Repair With All-Suture Anchors and an Accelerated Rehabilitation and Bracing Protocol Demonstrates Good Outcomes at 1-Year Follow-Up

Purpose: To evaluate patient-reported outcomes and risk for rerupture after surgical treatment of proximal hamstring tendon ruptures using all-suture anchors and a unique postoperative bracing strategy. Methods: A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database was conducted of patients undergoing proximal hamstring repair or reconstruction from 2020 to 2022 at a tertiary, academic institution. Patients were included if they reached minimum 1-year follow-up and completed postoperative patient-reported outcomes. The surgical protocol for proximal hamstring repairs included all-suture anchors placed either in an open or endoscopic fashion in the ischial tuberosity. After surgery, all patients underwent an accelerated rehabilitation protocol, including 6 weeks touchdown weight-bearing in a hinged knee brace locked in extension for ambulation, allowing passive knee flexion to 90° while seated. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Twenty-one patients were included (mean age 50.4 ± 9.5 years, body mass index 24.4 ± 3.5, 66.7% female). Lower Extremity Functional Scale score achieved postoperatively was 74.2 ± 7.5 (out of 80). Patients had minimal pain (mean visual analog scale pain score of 0.9 ± 1.2). 61.9% of patients were able to return to the same level of activity after based on Tegner score by 1 year. Postoperative Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation activity of daily living was 94.3 ± 8.3, and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation Sports was 82.3 ± 19.0. Mean Short Form Survey (SF-12) postoperative scores were 51.6 ± 6.8 for SF-12 Physical Component Score and 53.9 ± 9.7 for Mental Component Score. 95.2% (20 of 21) patients were satisfied with their outcome. There were no reruptures, infections, or reoperations. One patient of 21 (4.8%) incurred a postoperative deep venous thrombosis, which was treated with therapeutic anticoagulation for 3 months. Conclusions: All-suture anchors for proximal hamstring repair with a unique accelerated postoperative rehabilitation and bracing protocol result in good outcomes and patient satisfaction with minimal risk of complications. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series, therapeutic

Arthroscopic Single-Portal Subscapularis Tendon Repair

Tears of the subscapularis tendon can be challenging to diagnose and treat. Because the subscapularis plays an important role in shoulder function, careful arthroscopic evaluation and treatment are necessary to restore function. Previous surgical techniques have ranged from full open repairs to complex arthroscopic procedures needing suture passer and/or retriever devices. We describe an arthroscopic surgical technique of subscapularis repair through a single anterior portal using only penetrating graspers. This approach can be used for partial upper-border subscapularis tears, as well as complete and retracted subscapularis tendon tears

Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny

Comparative analysis of multiple genomes in a phylogenetic framework dramatically improves the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference, producing more robust results than single-genome analyses can provide. The genomes of 12 Drosophila species, ten of which are presented here for the first time (sechellia, simulans, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis and grimshawi), illustrate how rates and patterns of sequence divergence across taxa can illuminate evolutionary processes on a genomic scale. These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution. Despite remarkable similarities among these Drosophila species, we identified many putatively non-neutral changes in protein-coding genes, non-coding RNA genes, and cis-regulatory regions. These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species