Saponinas, péptidos y compuestos fenólicos, antihipertensivos naturales. Estudios in vitro e in vivo

Currently, cardiovascular diseases, mainly hypertension, occupy the first place in the causes of death in Mexico and the world. Although the disease can be controlled with drugs, they must be taken for life and side effects often occur. Therefore, natural medicine, functional foods and nutraceuticals represent an excellent option to prevent and control the disease, since many bioactive compounds present in them act as antihypertensive agents. The objective of this research is to show existing information on bioactive compounds from natural sources that have shown antihypertensive action both in in vitro and in vivo tests, to elucidate research areas that allow further study of this topic. An exhaustive search was carried out in databases such as Redalyc, EBSCO, Scielo, PubMed, Medigraphic, Elsevier, Dialnet and Latindex, on statistics of suffering from arterial hypertension, as well as pathophysiology of the disease and experimental evidence on the antihypertensive effect of compounds. bioactives of natural origin. Mostly, research papers that demonstrate the efficiency of bioactive peptides, phenolic compounds and saponins are reported, it is evident that these act through the inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).En la actualidad, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, principalmente hipertensión, ocupan el primer lugar en las causas de muerte en México y el mundo. A pesar de que la enfermedad puede ser controlada con farmacos, estos deben ser tomados de por vida y muchas veces se presentan efectos secundarios. Por lo que la medicina natural, alimentos funcionales y nutracéuticos representan una excelente opción para prevenir y controlar de la enfermedad, ya que muchos compuestos bioactivos presentes en estos actúan como agentes antihipertensivos. El objetivo de esta investigación es mostrar información existente sobre compuestos bioactivos de fuentes naturales que han mostrado acción antihipertensiva tanto en pruebas in vitro como in vivo, para dilucidar áreas de investigación que permitan profundizar más en este tema. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en bases de datos como Redalyc, EBSCO, Scielo, PubMed, Medigraphic, Elsevier, Dialnet y Latindex, sobre estadísticas de padecimiento de la hipertensión arterial, así como fisiopatología de la enfermedad y pruebas experimentales sobre el efecto antihipertensivo de compuestos bioactivos de origen natural. Se reportan, mayormente, trabajos de investigación que demuestran la eficiencia de péptidos bioactivos, compuestos fenólicos y saponinas, se evidencia que estos actúan a través de la inhibición de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ECA)

Optimiranje postupka obrade nektara graviole (Annona muricata) toplinom i ultrazvukom, te usporedba fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava i biološke raspoloživosti antioksidansa in vitro optimiranog nektara s pasteriziranim uzorkom

Research background. Soursop nectar contains antioxidants and is preserved by pasteurization. However, this technology impairs its physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds. An alternative is therefore thermoultrasound, which could counteract these effects. The thermosonicated nectar was compared with a pasteurized one and the in vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidants was estimated. Experimental approach. The soursop nectar (25 %) was processed and the response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal conditions for thermoultrasound treatment (TUS). The TUS (75–90 % amplitude, 3.15–15 min) was applied, and 2 % stevia and 6 % agave inulin were added as sweeteners. The microbiological, physicochemical, enzymatic and antioxidant properties were analyzed. The properties of thermosonicated nectar obtained under optimal conditions were compared with pasteurized nectar. In addition to the above determinations, microstructure, total dietary fiber (TDF) and in vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidants were determined. Results and conclusions. The response variables that fit the mathematical model were L*, b*, chroma (C*), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity determined by ABTS•+, DPPH˙ and Fe(III) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The L* and DPPH˙ were affected by quadratic time and TPC by time (p<0.0001). The optimum TUS condition was 82 % amplitude for 9.15 min and the responses variables were L*, b* and C* (45.48, 3.55 and 3.62, respectively), TPC expressed as gallic acid equivalents (38.40 mg/100 mL), ABTS•+ expressed as Trolox equivalents (TE) (31.28 μmol/100 mL), DPPH˙ expressed as TE (124.22 μmol/100 mL) and FRAP expressed as Fe(II) (3.06 μmol/100 mL). Compared to the pasteurized sample, thermosonicated sample had high values of L* (45.56), h° (-56.49), TPC (26.63 mg/100 mL), ABTS•+ and DPPH˙ (22.03 and 129.22 μmol/100 mL, respectively), FRAP (3.10 μmol/100 mL) and low pectin methylesterase (PME) activity (0.28 U/mL). For in vitro bioaccessibility, thermosonicated nectar showed high absorption of TPC (15.26/100 mL) and high antioxidant activity determined by ABTS (34.92 μmol/100 mL) and FRAP (7.88 μmol/100 mL). Novelty and scientific contribution. The thermoultrasound improves the physicochemical properties and in vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidants in soursop nectar. On the other hand, as an alternative, this beverage offers low-calorie alternative with prebiotic properties that benefits consumer health.Pozadina istraživanja. Nektar graviole sadržava antioksidanse, a radi produljenja roka trajanja tretira se pasterizacijom. Međutim, taj postupak narušava fizikalno-kemijska svojstva nektara i smanjuje količinu biološki aktivnih tvari u njemu. Stoga se kao alternativna metoda koristi kombinacija obrade toplinom i ultrazvukom. U radu smo usporedili svojstva nektara obrađenog toplinom i ultrazvukom s onima pasteriziranog uzorka te ispitali biološku raspoloživost antioksidansa in vitro. Eksperimentalni pristup. Obrađen je nektar graviole (s 25 % voćnog soka), a metodom odzivnih površina određeni su optimalni uvjeti obrade toplinom i ultrazvukom. Primijenjen je ultrazvuk amplitude 75-90 % tijekom 3,15–15 min, a kao zaslađivači su dodani 2 % stevije i 6 % inulina iz agave. Ispitana su mikrobiološka, fizikalno-kemijska, enzimska i antioksidacijska svojstva. Svojstva nektara dobivenog obradom toplinom i ultrazvukom pri optimalnim uvjetima uspoređena su s onima pasteriziranog uzorka. Osim toga, određeni su mikrostruktura, ukupna količina prehrambenih vlakana i in vitro biološka raspoloživost antioksidansa. Rezultati i zaključci. Varijable koje su odgovarale matematičkom modelu bile su L*, b*, zasićenost boje (C*), ukupni udjel fenola i antioksidacijska aktivnost određena metodama ABTS˙+, DPPH˙ i FRAP. Na vrijednost L* i sposobnost uklanjanja DPPH˙ utjecali su kvadratna vrijednost vremena te interakcija ukupnog udjela fenola i vremena (p<0,0001). Optimalni uvjeti obrade toplinom i ultrazvukom bili su amplituda 82 % tijekom 9,15 min, a odzivne varijable bile su L* (45,48), b* (3,55 ) i C* (3,62), ukupni udjel fenola izražen u ekvivalentima galne kiseline (38,40 mg/100 mL), sposobnost uklanjanja ABTS˙+ izražena u Trolox ekvivalentima (TE) (31,28 μmol/100 mL), sposobnost uklanjanja DPPH˙ izražena u TE (124,22 μmol/100 mL) i FRAP izražen kao Fe(II) (3,06 μmol/100 mL). U usporedbi s pasteriziranim uzorkom, dobiveni je nektar imao velike vrijednosti L* (45,56), h° (–56,49), ukupnog udjela fenola (26,63 mg/100 mL), dobru sposobnost uklanjanja ABTS˙+ (22,03 μmol/100 mL) i DPPH˙ (129,22 μmol/100 mL), veliku vrijednost FRAP (3,10 μmol/100 mL), a malu aktivnost metil esteraze (0,28 U/mL). Ispitivanje in vitro bioraspoloživosti antioksidansa pokazalo je da dobiveni nektar ima veliku biorapoloživost ukupnog udjela fenola (15,26/100 mL) i izraženu antioksidacijsku aktivnost, određenu pomoću ABTS (34,92 μmol/100 mL) i FRAP (7.88 μmol/100 mL) metoda. Novina i znanstveni doprinos. Obradom toplinom i ultrazvukom poboljšana su fizikalno-kemijska svojstva i in vitro biološka raspoloživost antioksidansa iz nektara graviole. Dobiveni napitak može poslužiti kao niskokalorična alternativa s prebiotičkim svojstvima i pozitivnim učinkom na zdravlje korisnika

Betalain, Acid Ascorbic, Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Purple, Red, Yellow and White Cactus Pears

Commercialization of cactus pears based on their antioxidant properties can generate competitive advantages, and these can turn into business opportunities and the development of new products and a high-value ingredient for the food industry. This work evaluated the antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging, protection against oxidation of a β-carotene-linoleic acid emulsion, and iron (II) chelation), the content of total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, betacyanin, betaxanthin and the stability of betacyanin pigments in presence of Cu (II)-dependent hydroxyl radicals (OH•), in 18 cultivars of purple, red, yellow and white cactus pear from six Mexican states. Our results indicated that the antiradical activities from yellow and white cactus pear cultivars were not significantly different (p < 0.05) and were lower than the average antiradical activities in red and purple cultivars. The red cactus pear from the state of Zacatecas showed the highest antioxidant activity. The free radical scavenging activity for red cactus pears was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to the concentration of total phenolic compounds (R2 = 0.90) and ascorbic acid (R2 = 0.86). All 18 cultivars of cactus pears studied showed significant chelating activity of ferrous ions. The red and purple cactus pears showed a great stability when exposed to OH•

Organic Acids, Antioxidants, and Dietary Fiber of Mexican Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) Residues cv. Tupy

Blackberry fruit processing generates residues comprised of peel, seeds, and pulp that are abundant in flavonoids, colorants, and organic acids. The objective of this study was to determine the organic acids, antioxidants, and dietary fiber content of blackberry residues and compare antioxidants and dietary fiber content of a prune-based commercial product. The ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP methodologies were used for antioxidant capacity. The blackberry residues exhibited a high amount of malic acid (5706.37 mg/100 g db), phenols (4016.43 mg GAE/100 g db), and anthocyanins content (364.53 mg/100 g db) compared with the commercial product. These compounds contributed to the antioxidant capacity (by ABTS) of both products but were 20 times higher in blackberry residues. The fruit residues were able to reduce iron (by FRAP) 4.4 times compared to the prune-based product. Total dietary fiber (44.26%) and functional properties as water retention capacity (2.94 g/g), swelling capacity (5.00 mL/g), and fat absorption capacity (1.98 mL/g) of blackberry residues were significantly higher than those of the commercial sample. The results demonstrated that, due to its antioxidant compounds and functional properties, the blackberry residue can be considered a source of components with potential benefit to human health

Preservation of the crude avocado oil with electric field treatment

The effect of an electric field (EF) application on crude avocado oils samples was evaluated and presented. Polyphenol oxidase enzyme in avocado pulp is inactivated by the treatment of EF, the conditions of the treatment are a square voltage 9 kV cm-1 with a frequency of 60 Hz for 3 min. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the EF as a preservation method on crude avocado oil. EF is directly applied on avocado pulp and oil was extracted. The oil is stored in a closed container at room temperature and analyzed at different periods of time with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique in the mid infrared region. Chemical values like acidity, peroxide and iodine are also reported. The fatty acid composition in avocado oils is not substantially modified by the EF during the storage. EF treatment may decrease the rate of oxidation reaction of unsaturated fatty acids extending the shelf life of avocado oil

Application of Ultrasound in a Closed System: Optimum Condition for Antioxidants Extraction of Blackberry (Rubus fructicosus) Residues

Blackberry processing generates up to 20% of residues composed mainly of peel, seeds and pulp that are abundant in flavonoids. The objective of this study was to optimize the ultrasound conditions, in a closed system, for antioxidants extraction, using the response surface methodology. Blackberry (Rubus fructicosus) residues were analyzed for total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH. The selected independent variables were ultrasound amplitude (X1: 80%–90%) and extraction time (X2: 10–15 min), and results were compared with conventional extraction methods. The optimal conditions for antioxidants extraction were 91% amplitude for 15 min. The results for total phenolic content and anthocyanins and antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH were of 1201.23 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry weight basis (dw); 379.12 mg/100 g·dw; 6318.98 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g·dw and 9617.22 µmol TE/100 g·dw, respectively. Compared to solvent extraction methods (water and ethanol), ultrasound achieved higher extraction of all compounds except for anthocyanins. The results obtained demonstrated that ultrasound is an alternative to improve extraction yield of antioxidants from fruit residues such as blackberry