The Impact of Sanitation on Hygienic Conditions of Community in City Jampur

The present study has been conducted to understand the effects of poor conditions of sanitation and hygiene on the health of individuals and on their mobility within the society. This study was conducted in December, 2010 to analyze the Impact of Sanitation on Hygienic Conditions of Community in City Jampur. Sanitation is the hygienic means tending to promote or preserve health. Poor sanitation is the major reason of epidemic disease specially for third world countries. In this paper, the researcher discusses hygiene which means healthy living. The objectives of the study were to explain the importance of sanitation and hygiene in the smooth functioning of community, to identify what role was played by sanitation and hygiene in schools, to find out how the poor conditions of sanitation and hygiene affect the working environment of hospitals. The result of the study showed that a large number of people knew what was meant by sanitation and hygiene, types of waste, waste management and waste recycling and pollution. A great number of respondents were aware of the effects of poor sanitation for instance people getting sick and were being migrated, catching diseases and were bearing economic loss because of poor sanitation. From over all study of the research, it was concluded that the sanitation and hygiene has a great importance in the society. Keywords: Hygienic Condition, Community, Sanitation, Mobility, Diseases

Studies on ITK-SYK signaling pathways

Chromosomal alterations are frequent causes of cancer. Until now, SYK is reported in two different chromosomal translocation events generating the ITK-SYK-fusion protein in a subset of peripheral T cell lymphomas and the TEL-SYK fusion protein in a case of myelodysplastic syndrome. T lymphocyte-expressed ITK is the only member of the TEC-family of tyrosine kinases reported as a fusion partner in transforming translocations and here we have studied this fusion. The comparison of ITK-SYK with SYK revealed that related tyrosines of ITK-SYK are phosphorylated at the linker- region and at the activation-loop and that the fusion protein localizes to the plasma membrane and potently phosphorylates the adapter proteins SLP-76 and BLNK. Moreover, membrane localization and phosphorylation of adapter substrates are blocked with PI3K inhibitors. SYK, on the other hand, showed phosphorylation at the linker-region, but not at the activation-loop tyrosines and failed to phosphorylate SLP- 76 or BLNK under the same conditions. Since BTK is the predominantly expressed TEC family kinase in B lymphocytes, we engineered the corresponding fusion kinase, BTK-SYK. We then investigated the role of the N-terminal region in the regulation of fusion kinases ITK-SYK, BTK-SYK and TEL-SYK. Unlike ITK-SYK, BTK-SYK showed more nuclear and cytoplasmic localization and PI3K inhibitors, unexpectedly, did not block its capacity to phosphorylate the adapter substrate SLP-76. Interestingly, non-membrane-tethering PH-TH domain-mutants ITK-SYK-R29C and BTK-SYK-R28C potently phosphorylated SLP-76. On the same ground, a TEL-SYK mutant, lacking the dimerization domain, was equally phosphorylated as the full-length fusion protein, but induced highly compromised CD69 upregulation compared with TEL-SYK or ITK- SYK. Further investigations revealed that ITK-SYK-mediated activation of T cells was dependent on the adapter function of SYK-family kinases (SYK or ZAP-70), but independent of their kinase activity. Moreover, SLP-76 adapter function was not only indispensible for ITK-SYK-mediated CD69 upregulation and IL-2 secretion, but also for the phosphorylation of activation-loop tyrosines of SYK. Mutagenesis revealed a hierarchical phosphorylation pattern in the activation of ITK-SYK. In spite of loss of phosphorylation of the tyrosines, known to act as targets in SYK, the fusion protein potently retained phosphorylation capacity for substrate adapter proteins. Phosphorylation-independent constitutive activation was further confirmed by ITK- SYK expression in SYF cells (cells lacking SRC-family kinases), since there was no detectable phosphorylation on target tyrosines, yet the substrate SLP-76 was potently phosphorylated. Altogether, our studies indicate that lack of auto-inhibition renders fusion kinase constitutive activation suggesting that many of the tyrosine phosphorylations known to be critical in the activation of SYK are dispensable for ITK- SYK activation

Determinants of Male Child Preference by Fathers in District Dera Ghazi Khan

Male child preference by the male members of family, is quite significant phenomenon present in the household of Pakistan .In the whole region, male dominancy is common therefore, continuation of their generation, transfer of their inheritance, custom, norms and values male family members mostly focus on the birth of a son. Theory of social feminism defines giving birth to male child increase their status. Sampling technique was convenient sample and sample was 200 fathers having at least one child living in Dera Ghazi Khan City in 2014. The results show greater employment opportunities, education, continuation of generation, cultural, economic and religious causes were the main determinants influencing the male child preference for fathers of Dera Ghazi Khan. Keywords: Family, Feminism, Determinants, Fertility, Son preference, Patriarch

Impact of modernization on gender roles: a study of advocates in Muzaffar Garh

The present study has been conducted to view the impact of modernization on gender roles. This was a quantitative study. The researcher has selected the area of Muzaffar Garh, And one hundred Advocates of Muzaffar garh are respondents. The researcher has study the socialization, decision-making, choice of marriage and household duties. Gender roles have been changed at a great extent due to modernization. Education played an important role for the progress and change in gender roles. The question comes in mind that is modernization good or bad. It had changed traditional gender roles. Now females have equal right in decision making. Females have choice to marriage and equal opportunity in education, and have easily access to university. Socialization of children and liberty are influenced due to modernization. It is concluded that male and female both are doing work out of home and in the home, due to which there have been created a gap and socialization of children is influenced. Our morals, values have remained back and we are not thinking about it. Females have choice to marriage, and male do not feel any hesitation to do house work. Modernization, mass media, technology and education have played important role to change gender roles

ELECTRONIC MEDIA, A TOOL FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS ON POLITICAL ISSUES

ABSTRACT Electronic media creating political awareness among people in city D.G Khan because in Dera Ghazi Khan City there is lack of re-creational places. The researcher finds out the awareness level of people and their political participation regarding politics and news channels/talk shows. News, Talk Shows/current affairs are helpful in changing the behavior of the people, political views, political scenario and political development. Usually most of the people were watching news and talk shows on cable TV. Most of the respondents said that news channels affect on society. In this research most of the respondents said that news channels help people to understand political issues and news channels are credible source of information. Electronic media should be used to create a positive political awareness among the people of the area by showing them such programs which are based on reality in society, through it social integration and the goal of national solidarity can be achieved. "The population of present study consisted of all the male and female have education above intermediate, aged 20-40 years and living in D.G.Khan city

Caregivers’ burden among parents of children with Cerebral Palsy

Introduction: Caregivers help a person in those actions which cannot be performed by an individual independently; a person’s personal needs, environmental barriers that hinders an individual’s abilities etc. This ultimately puts an increased burden on the caregiver. This study was conducted to determine the levels of caregivers’ burden among the parents of children with cerebral palsy. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 298 parents of children with cerebral palsy. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to collect data from the parents coming to the National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Islamabad. The parents of children with cerebral palsy who were having auditory, cognitive or visual impairment were excluded from this study. Demographic information form and Caregiver Burden Inventory were used for the data collection. The data was analysed through IBM SPSS version 21 and results were presented in the form of frequency, percentages and mean ± sd with p-value wherever needed. Results: the result of this study showed a greater need for respite and other services for caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. The overall Caregiver Burden Inventory score was 45.19 ± 11.9. Out of the total included participants, 163 (54.33%) participants sometimes needed relief, 116 (36.67%) needed frequent need for relief and other services while 19 (6.33%) of the included parents rarely needed relief and other services. Conclusion: Majority of the caregivers of children with cerebral palsy needed relief and other services (compromise the growth, physical and emotional health and social relationship) to manage caregivers’ burden

EFFECTS OF HOLMICH PROTOCOL AND MYOFASCIAL RELEASE TECHNIQUE ON GROIN PAIN IN TENNIS PLAYERS

Introduction: Tennis with a normal 17.9 million players is one of the most renowned games with a colossal addition in young tennis players as of late. The prevalence of groin injury increases rapidly in tennis players due to demand of rapid change in direction. Material & Methods: Once ethical approval was taken from Institutional review Board (REC/Letter-00722), a Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) was conducted on 22 players through nonprobability purposive sampling in Pakistan Tennis Federation, Islamabad. Players were randomly divided into two groups by sealed and envelop method. Group A received Holmich protocol while group B received myofascial release technique. Other than demographics, functional tests like hip range of motion, visual analogue scale, t-test, Edgren sidestep test and triple hop test were conducted to assess the techniques given to groups. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Trial is registered in US clinical trial registry (NCT04642300). Results: The results of the study show that there was no significant difference between Myofascial release technique and holmich protocol in athletes with groin pain (P value˃0.05). Mean age of the tennis players was 23.14±4.5 in years. Pre and post comparison of both interventions shows significant effect in Range of motion, Pain, Agility and hop test. (P value˂0.01). Conclusion: From the results it can be seen that there was no significance between the two techniques. So in conclusion both techniques can be used to treat groin pain and get successful results

Novel CNGA3 and CNGB3 mutations in two Pakistani families with achromatopsia

PURPOSE: To identify the genetic defect in two Pakistani families with autosomal recessive achromatopsia. METHODS: Two families (RP26 and RP44) were originally diagnosed with retinal dystrophy based upon their medical history. To localize the causative genes in these families, homozygosity mapping was performed using Affymetrix 10K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Sequence analysis was used to find the mutations in candidate genes cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha-3 (CNGA3; family RP26) and cyclic nucleotide-gated channel beta-3 (CNGB3; family RP44). Control individuals were analyzed by allele-specific PCR for the CNGA3 mutation and BstXI restriction analysis for the CNGB3 mutation. After genetic analysis, clinical diagnosis was re-evaluated by electroretinography and color vision testing. During the course of this study, selected affected members of family RP26 were given pink glasses as supportive therapy. RESULTS: Sequence analysis of the positional candidate genes identified a novel missense mutation in CNGA3 (c.822G>T; p.R274S) in family RP26, and a novel CNGB3 frameshift mutation (c.1825delG; p.V609WfsX9) in family RP44. Clinical re-evaluation after genetic analysis revealed that both families have segregating autosomal recessive achromatopsia. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic analysis of two Pakistani families with retinal disease enabled the establishment of the correct diagnosis of achromatopsia. Two novel mutations were identified in CNGA3 and CNGB3 that are both specifically expressed in cone photoreceptors. Re-evaluation of the clinical status revealed that both families had achromatopsia. The use of pink glasses in patients was helpful in reducing photophobia and enabled rod-mediated vision

A homozygous p.Glu150Lys mutation in the opsin gene of two Pakistani families with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE: To identify the gene mutations responsible for autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) in Pakistani families. METHODS: A cohort of consanguineous families with typical RP phenotype in patients was screened by homozygosity mapping using microsatellite markers that mapped close to 21 known arRP genes and five arRP loci. Mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing of the candidate gene. RESULTS: In two families, RP21 and RP53, homozygosity mapping suggested RHO, the gene encoding rhodopsin, as a candidate disease gene on chromosome 3q21. In six out of seven affected members from the two families, direct sequencing of RHO identified a homozygous c.448G>A mutation resulting in the p.Glu150Lys amino acid change. This variant was first reported in PMK197, an Indian arRP family. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis in RP21, RP53, and PMK197 showed a common disease-associated haplotype in the three families. CONCLUSIONS: In two consanguineous Pakistani families with typical arRP phenotype in the patients, we identified a disease-causing mutation (p.Glu150Lys) in the RHO gene. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis suggests that the previously reported Indian family (PMK197) and the two Pakistani families studied here share the RHO p.Glu150Lys mutation due to a common ancestry