A Simple, Cost-Effective, and Green HPTLC Method for the Estimation of Ascorbic Acid in Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts of Phyllanthus emblica, Capsicum annuum, and Psidium guajava

Greener analytical methodologies for the estimation of ascorbic acid (AA) are poorly reported in the literature. Furthermore, the green indexes of the literature’s analytical assays of AA estimation have not been assessed. As a consequence, the aim of this research is to invent and validate a simple, cost-effective, and green reverse-phase “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” method for the estimating AA in the solvent extracts (SE) and ultrasound-assisted extracts (UAE) of Phyllanthus emblica, Psidium guajava, and Capsicum annuum. The greener mobile phase for AA estimation was a binary mixture of water and ethanol (70:30, v/v). At a wavelength of 265 nm, the detection of AA was carried out. The greener HPTLC technique was linear in the 25–1200 ng/band range. In addition, the method was simple, cost-effective, accurate, precise, robust, sensitive, and green. The amount of AA was highest in the SE and UAE of P. emblica compared to the SE and UAE of P. guajava and C. annuum. The amount of AA in the SE of P. emblica, P. guajava, and C. annuum was found to be 491.16, 168.91, and 144.30 mg/100 g, respectively. How-ever, the amount of AA in the UAE of P. emblica, P. guajava, and C. annuum was found to be 673.02, 218.71, and 199.30 mg/100 g, respectively. Using the “analytical GREEnness (AGREE)” methodology, the greenness index for the developed method was calculated to be 0.88, showing that the developed method has an excellent green profile. When it came to extracting AA, the UAE method outperformed the SE method. These findings suggested that the developed method might be used to estimate the AA in a variety of vegetable crops, plant-based extracts, and commercial formulations. Furthermore, because of the use of greener solvent systems against the commonly utilized hazardous solvent systems for AA determination, this technique is also safe and sustainable

Simultaneous determination of 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol in various ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extracts and commercial formulations using a green RP-HPTLC-densitometry method

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Various analytical methodologies have been reported for the determination of 6-shogaol (6-SHO) and 6-gingerol (6-GIN) in ginger extracts and commercial formulations. However, green analytical methods for the determination of 6-SHO and 6-GIN, either alone or in combination, have not yet been reported in literature. Hence, the present study was aimed to develop a rapid, simple, and cheaper green reversed phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC) densitometry method for the simultaneous determination of 6-SHO and 6-GIN in the traditional and ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas. The simultaneous analysis of 6-SHO and 6-GIN was carried out via RP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates. The mixture of green solvents, i.e., ethanol:water (6.5:3.5 v/v) was utilized as a mobile phase for the simultaneous analysis of 6-SHO and 6-GIN. The analysis of 6-SHO and 6-GIN was performed at λmax = 200 nm for 6-SHO and 6-GIN. The densitograms of 6-SHO and 6-GIN from traditional and ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas were verified by obtaining their single band at Rf = 0.36 ± 0.01 for 6-SHO and Rf = 0.53 ± 0.01 for 6-GIN, compared to standard 6-SHO and 6-GIN. The green RP-HPTLC method was found to be linear, in the range of 100–700 ng/band with R2 = 0.9988 for 6-SHO and 50–600 ng/band with R2 = 0.9995 for 6-GIN. In addition, the method was recorded as “accurate, precise, robust and sensitive” for the simultaneous quantification of 6-SHO and 6-GIN in traditional and ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas. The amount of 6-SHO in traditional extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas was obtained as 12.1, 17.9, 10.5, and 9.6 mg/g of extract, respectively. However, the amount of 6-SHO in ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas were obtained as 14.6, 19.7, 11.6, and 10.7 mg/g of extract, respectively. The amount of 6-GIN in traditional extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas were found as 10.2, 15.1, 7.3, and 6.9 mg/g of extract, respectively. However, the amount of 6-GIN in ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas were obtained as 12.7, 17.8, 8.8, and 7.9 mg/g of extract, respectively. Overall, the results of this study indicated that the proposed analytical technique could be effectively used for the simultaneous quantification of 6-SHO and 6-GIN in a wide range of plant extracts and commercial formulations

Automatic seat belt

Motor vehicle accidents have grown to be a major cause of death and injuries. We are developed occupant safety feature with an intension to reduce accidental injuries to occupants. After studying number of design plans and research papers, we have concluded to design and develop seat belt safety mechanism using spring and rope mechanism. In case of accidents, passenger lives can be saved greatly by use of seat belts and airbags in the automobiles. The safety implications of these systems and the stringent safety regulations in the world have brought a growing market to these products. The purpose of developing the project is to design alternate method of seat belt safety mechanism without changing the available space in the car and also to provide safety to occupants in those cars in which air bags and other safety system could not be implemented due to increase in cost.The actuating system design includes three point seat belt, spring, wire rope ,solenoid and locking mechanism

COMPARATIVE PROFILING OF BIOMARKER PSORALEN IN ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVE EXTRACTS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF GENUS FICUS BY VALIDATED HPTLC METHOD

Background: A simple but sensitive HPTLC method was developed for the comparative evaluation of psoralen in antioxidant active extracts of leaves of five different species of genus Ficus (Ficus carica, Ficus nitida, Ficus ingens, Ficus palmata and Ficus vasta). Materials and Methods: HPTLC studies were carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system on Glass-backed silica gel 60F254 HPTLC pre-coated plates using selected mobile phase toluene: methanol (9:1). The antioxidant activity was carried out, using DPPH free radical method. Results: Among all the five species of genus Ficus, F. palmata and F. carica exhibited comparatively good antioxidant activity in DPPH assay. The developed HPTLC method was found to give a compact spot for psoralen (Rf = 0.55±0.001) at 305 nm. The regression equation and r2 for psoralen was found to be Y= 4.516X+35.894 and 0.998. The quantification result revealed the presence of psoralen in only two species, F. carica (0.24%, w/w) and F. palmata (1.88%, w/w) which supported their supremacy for anti-oxidant potential over other species. The statistical analysis proved that the developed method was reproducible and selective. Conclusion: The developed method can be used as an important tool to assure the therapeutic dose of active ingredients in herbal formulations as well as for standardization and quality control of bulk drugs and in-process formulations. This method can also be employed for the further study of degradation kinetics and determination of psoralen in plasma and other biological fluids

A Review on Utilization of Industrial Wastes and Byproducts in Highway Construction

Industrial waste and their disposal are currently a major issue in India while highway materials such as crushed stone, sand, and gravel are in high demand, yet economic resources are often scarce. The development of significant amounts of industrial waste necessitates not only its disposal, but also its treatment prior to disposal in order to reduce contamination of soil, water, and air. Given the sharp increase in the number of factories and industries, it is important to understand the advantages of waste materials that can be recycled and used in various ways. Adopting these waste materials from industry for highway construction is the best use for them. These aspects are also a factor influencing production costs. So, the current study is concerned with the utilization of waste materials in highway construction, including waste tires, waste glass, retrieved paving materials, slag and ashes, construction rubble, and sewage waste. Based on technical, environmental, and economic factors, reclaimed paving materials, coal fly ash blast furnace slag, boiler slag, steel slag, and rubber tire have significant potential to replace conventional materials in various applications in highway construction and should be projected for future construction. Increased use of wastes and byproducts will reduce demand for accessible materials while also assisting in the resolution of many disposal issues

A Review on Utilization of Industrial Wastes and Byproducts in Highway Construction

Industrial waste and their disposal are currently a major issue in India while highway materials such as crushed stone, sand, and gravel are in high demand, yet economic resources are often scarce. The development of significant amounts of industrial waste necessitates not only its disposal, but also its treatment prior to disposal in order to reduce contamination of soil, water, and air. Given the sharp increase in the number of factories and industries, it is important to understand the advantages of waste materials that can be recycled and used in various ways. Adopting these waste materials from industry for highway construction is the best use for them. These aspects are also a factor influencing production costs. So, the current study is concerned with the utilization of waste materials in highway construction, including waste tires, waste glass, retrieved paving materials, slag and ashes, construction rubble, and sewage waste. Based on technical, environmental, and economic factors, reclaimed paving materials, coal fly ash blast furnace slag, boiler slag, steel slag, and rubber tire have significant potential to replace conventional materials in various applications in highway construction and should be projected for future construction. Increased use of wastes and byproducts will reduce demand for accessible materials while also assisting in the resolution of many disposal issues

A Review of Research Progress in the Last Twenty Years in Risk Management of Hazardous Materials Transportation

Hazardous materials transportation incidents have become more common in recent years, resulting in significant deaths and property damage. Researchers and policymakers have been looking at the risk assessment of hazardous materials transportation for a long time. In order to better identify important concerns, researchers are studying the research development of risk assessment of hazardous materials transportation. This study examines the current literature on risk assessment models and methodologies of hazardous materials transportation from 2001 to 2020, and categorizes the relevant research based on unimodal and multimodal transportation systems. Furthermore, an example is used to analyses the features of each risk assessment model of unimodal transportation, and a unique thorough categorization for risk assessment problems is provided. The findings show that research on the risk assessment model of hazardous material road transport is extensive, but research on railway and intermodal transport is lacking. In comparison to the classic risk assessment model, the conditional value-at-risk model provides decision-makers with a flexible decision-making framework that adjusts risk preference between risk neutrality and risk aversion. Because of the difficulties of obtaining door-to-door railway transit and the additional hazards associated with intermodal transportation, the conclusion that the risk of railway and multimodal hazardous material transportation is lower than that of road transportation is not universal. Transport operators and governments can combine the benefits of many modes of transport, such as low risk, low cost, high flexibility, and high dependability, to accomplish public safety and increase system competency. This study outlines existing trends and research gaps based on the suggested categorization and summarises future research priorities

A Review of Research Progress in the Last Twenty Years in Risk Management of Hazardous Materials Transportation

Hazardous materials transportation incidents have become more common in recent years, resulting in significant deaths and property damage. Researchers and policymakers have been looking at the risk assessment of hazardous materials transportation for a long time. In order to better identify important concerns, researchers are studying the research development of risk assessment of hazardous materials transportation. This study examines the current literature on risk assessment models and methodologies of hazardous materials transportation from 2001 to 2020, and categorizes the relevant research based on unimodal and multimodal transportation systems. Furthermore, an example is used to analyses the features of each risk assessment model of unimodal transportation, and a unique thorough categorization for risk assessment problems is provided. The findings show that research on the risk assessment model of hazardous material road transport is extensive, but research on railway and intermodal transport is lacking. In comparison to the classic risk assessment model, the conditional value-at-risk model provides decision-makers with a flexible decision-making framework that adjusts risk preference between risk neutrality and risk aversion. Because of the difficulties of obtaining door-to-door railway transit and the additional hazards associated with intermodal transportation, the conclusion that the risk of railway and multimodal hazardous material transportation is lower than that of road transportation is not universal. Transport operators and governments can combine the benefits of many modes of transport, such as low risk, low cost, high flexibility, and high dependability, to accomplish public safety and increase system competency. This study outlines existing trends and research gaps based on the suggested categorization and summarises future research priorities

Estimation of Swertiamarin in Enicostemma Littorale and Marketed Formulations Using HPLC-UV Method

International audienceA simple, economic, reproducible, robust and precise HPLC method for estimation of swertiamarin in both 60 % methanolic extract of Enicostemma littorale and marketed formulations was developed and validated in present investigation. The mobile phase composed of methanol and water (90:10 % v/v), gave a sharp and well-defined peak of swertiamarin at the retention time of 10.15 ± 1.52 min. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 17.25 and 56.92 µg/ml respectively. The proposed method with high degree of precision and accuracy was employed for the estimation of swertiamarin in methanolic extract and in marketed formulation

Solubility of Cinnarizine in (Transcutol + Water) Mixtures: Determination, Hansen Solubility Parameters, Correlation, and Thermodynamics

Between 293.2 and 313.2 K and at 0.1 MPa, the solubility of the weak base, cinnarizine (CNZ) (3), in various {Transcutol-P (TP) (1) + water (2)} combinations is reported. The Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) of CNZ and various {(TP) (1) + water (2)} mixtures free of CNZ were also predicted using HSPiP software. Five distinct cosolvency-based mathematical models were used to link the experimentally determined solubility data of CNZ. The solubility of CNZ in mole fraction was increased with elevated temperature and TP mass fraction in {(TP) (1) + water (2)} combinations. The maximum solubility of CNZ in mole fraction was achieved in neat TP (5.83 × 10−2 at 313.2 K) followed by the minimum in neat water (3.91 × 10−8 at 293.2 K). The values of mean percent deviation (MPD) were estimated as 2.27%, 5.15%, 27.76%, 1.24% and 1.52% for the “Apelblat, van’t Hoff, Yalkowsky–Roseman, Jouyban–Acree, and Jouyban–Acree–van’t Hoff models”, respectively, indicating good correlations. The HSP value of CNZ was closed with that of neat TP, suggesting the maximum solubilization of CNZ in TP compared with neat water and other aqueous mixtures of TP and water. The outcomes of the apparent thermodynamic analysis revealed that CNZ dissolution was endothermic and entropy-driven in all of the {(TP) (1) + water (2)} systems investigated. For {(TP) (1) + water (2)} mixtures, the enthalpy-driven mechanism was determined to be the driven mechanism for CNZ solvation. TP has great potential for solubilizing the weak base, CNZ, in water, as demonstrated by these results