Analysis of Minimum temperature spatially and temporally over Iraq During the period 1980-2015

Monthly Minimum surface air temperature at 23 stations in Iraq were analyzed for temporal trends and spatial variation during 1980-2015.seasonal and annual temperature was analyzed using Mann-Kendall test to detect the significant trend .The results of temporal analysis showed that during winter ,spring , summer and Autumn have a positive trend in all the parts of Iraq. A tendency has also been observed towards warmer years, with significantly warmer summer and spring periods and slightly warmer autumn and winter, the highest increase is (3.9) oC in Baghdad during the summer. The results of spatial analyze using the ArcGIS showed that the seasonal temperature can be divided into two or three distinct areas with high temperature in the south and decreasing towards north, where the trend of spatial temperature were decreasing from south to the north in all the four seasons

DETERMINATION OPTIMUM SITES FOR SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING IN IRAQ USING MULTI-CRITERIA

This study was aimed to investigate the multi-criteria Analysis based on the geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the most suitable spatial locations for harvesting solar energy in Iraq. Some of the required criteria and conditions, whether technical, environmental, or economic criteria, have been used. In order to identify the suitability of different regions, 6 defined criteria, including solar radiation, distance from power transmission lines, distance from major roads, distance from residential area, elevation, slope, and land use, are identified. The final map of priority of different locations of Iraq for solar energy harvesting is then created by stacking these criteria layers. It has been found that the entire region is almost suitable for solar energy harvesting with varying suitability index. Moreover, areas of high suitability index cover 14% of the all-area, which is a significant indicator of the potential of solar energy harvesting in Iraq. the area with a moderate suitability index covers 60%, and the low suitability index was   21%, while 5% of unsuitable have been identified. The results indicated that the optimal locations of suitable harvesting solar energy located almost in the south of Iraq

Investigating the Aerodynamic Surface Roughness Length over Baghdad City Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

This study calculated the surface roughness length (Zo), zero-displacement length (Zd) and height of the roughness elements (ZH) using GIS applications. The practical benefit of this study is to classify the development of Baghdad, choose the appropriate places for installing wind turbines, improve urban planning, find rates of turbulence, pollution and others. The surface roughness length (Zo) of Baghdad city was estimated based on the data of the wind speed obtained from an automatic weather station installed at Al-Mustansiriyah University, the data of the satellite images digital elevation model (DEM), and the digital surface model (DSM), utilizing Remote Sensing Techniques. The study area was divided into 15 municipalities (Rasheed, Mansour, Shulaa, Karrada, Shaab, Adhamiyah, Sadre 2, Sadre 1, Rusafa, Alghadeer, Baghdad Aljadeedah, Karkh, Kadhumiya, Green zone, and Dora). The results indicated that the variations in Zo depend strongly on zero-displacement length (Zd) and the roughness element height (ZH) and wind speed. The research results demonstrated that Baghdad Aljadeedah has the largest (Zo) with 0.43 m and Rasheed has the lowest value of (Zo) with 0.19 m.; the average (Zo) of Baghdad city was 0.32 m

EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CINNAMON ZEYLANICUM 0IL EXTRACT IN INHIBITION OF BACTERIA IN LABORATORY BISCUIT

This study was aimed to investigate effect of cinnamon zeylnicum oil extract in inhibition of bacteria in laboratory biscuit.revealed chemical research on cinnamon oil extract has the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, resins, coumarins, terpenes, flavonoids, and stimulants. Using GC-MS and FT-IR analysis, it was found that the hot water extract contains terpenes,   glycosides, resins, saponins, and phenols, indicating the effectiveness of these beneficial components in cinnamon oil extract. Biscuits were manufactured in the laboratory and fortified with different concentrations (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%) of C. Zeylanicum oil extract and stored for 10 days at room temperature. The results showed that 0.125% and 0.25% showed no inhibitory activity against bacterial counts, while those of 0.50% and 0.75% inhibited bacterial counts until the eighth day of storage. Regarding the sensory evaluation of the laboratory-manufactured biscuits fortified with cinnamon oil extract, treatment A5 (control) received the highest score of 6 for the texture property. In contrast, treatment A4 (0.75%) received the lowest score of 4.80. In the same property, for the smoothness attribute, treatment A2 (0.25%) received the highest score of 5.70, while treatment A4 (0.75%) received the lowest score of 4.10

Microarrays in cancer research

Microarray technology has presented the scientific community with a compelling approach that allows for simultaneous evaluation of all cellular processes at once. Cancer, being one of the most challenging diseases due to its polygenic nature, presents itself as a perfect candidate for evaluation by this approach. Several recent articles have provided significant insight into the strengths and limitations of microarrays. Nevertheless, there are strong indications that this approach will provide new molecular markers that could be used in diagnosis and prognosis of cancers (1, 2). To achieve these goals it is essential that there is a seamless integration of clinical and molecular biological data that allows us to elucidate genes and pathways involved in various cancers. To this effect we are currently evaluating gene expression profiles in human brain, ovarian, breast and hematopoetic, lung, colorectal, head and neck and biliary tract cancers. To address the issues we have a joint team of scientists, doctors and computer scientists from two Virginia Universities and a major healthcare provider. The study has been divided into several focus groups that include; Tissue Bank Clinical & Pathology Laboratory Data, Chip Fabrication, QA/QC, Tissue Devitalization, Database Design and Data Analysis, using multiple microarray platforms. Currently over 300 consenting patients have been enrolled in the study with the largest number being that of breast cancer patients. Clinical data on each patient is being compiled into a secure and interactive relational database and integration of these data elements will be accomplished by a common programming interface. This clinical database contains several key parameters on each patient including demographic (risk factors, nutrition, co-morbidity, familial history), histopathology (non genetic predictors), tumor, treatment and follow-up information. Gene expression data derived from the tissue samples will be linked to this database, which allows us to query the data at multiple levels. The challenge of tissue acquisition and processing is of paramount importance to the success of this venture. A tissue devitalization timeline protocol was devised to ensure sample and RNA integrity. Stringent protocols are being employed to ascertain accurate tumor homogeneity, by serial dissection of each tumor sample at 10\u3bcM frozen sections followed by histopathological evaluation. The multiple platforms being utilized in this study include Affimetrix, Oligo-Chips and custom-designed cDNA arrays. Selected RNA samples will be evaluated on each platform between the groups. Analysis steps will involve normalization and standardization of gene expression data followed by hierarchical clustering to determine co-regulation profiles. The aim of this conjoint effort is to elucidate pathways and genes involved in various cancers, resistance mechanisms, molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis

Factors Associated With 5-Year Glaucomatous Progression In Glaucoma Suspect Eyes: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study

Purpose: To study the association of 5-year glaucomatous progression with several demographic, clinical, visual field and optical coherence tomography (OCT) variables in glaucoma suspect eyes. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 365 eyes of 288 patients were included (323 eyes with suspicious cup-to-disc ratio and 42 eyes with ocular hypertension). The study subjects were divided into two groups: eyes that progressed to glaucoma and those that did not. We calculated the percentage of glaucoma suspect eyes that progressed to glaucoma within 5 years. The inclusion criteria were glaucoma suspect eyes (i.e., suspicious cup-to-disc ratio and/or intraocular pressure \u3e21 mm Hg), age ≥ 30 years old, follow-up time of 5 years, best-corrected visual acuity 20/100 or better, spherical equivalent better than −8 diopters and astigmatism less than 3 diopters. We excluded eyes with any significant retinal or neurological disease, and glaucoma which was determined by at least 2 consecutive reliable visual field tests regardless of the appearance of the optic disc. Results: Bivariate analysis showed eyes that progressed to glaucoma had significantly worse mean deviation, higher pattern standard deviation (PSD), less visual field index, thinner average, superior, and inferior retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL), and more severe average, superior, and inferior RNFL damages (i.e., color grading scale) at baseline. Logistic regression analysis showed only PSD and severe inferior RNFL damage (i.e., red color) were significantly associated with 5-year glaucomatous progression. Conclusions: Segmental RNFL damage and PSD are associated with 5-year glaucomatous progression in glaucoma suspect eyes

An immunohistochemical study of hormone binding sites in the normal and neoplastic human ovarian tissue

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