Cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica L. kernel extract on human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines) and bioactive constituents in the crude extract

Background: Waterlily Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is thought to be antioxidant-rich, conferred by its functional phytochemicals. Methods: The potential anticancer effects of the ethanolic kernel extract on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) using MTT, anti-proliferation, neutral red (NR) uptake and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays were evaluated. Cytological studies on the breast cancer cells were also conducted, and phytochemical analyses of the extract were carried out to determine the likely bioactive compounds responsible for such effects. Results: Results showed the extract induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 30 and 15 μg/mL, respectively. The extract showed significant toxicity towards both cell lines, with low toxicity to normal breast cells (MCF-10A). The cytotoxic effects on the cells were further confirmed by the NR uptake, antiproliferative and LDH release assays. Bioactive analyses revealed that many bioactives were present in the extract although butylated hydroxytoluene, a potent antioxidant, was the most abundant with 44.65%. Conclusions: M. indica extract appears to be more cytoxic to both estrogen positive and negative breast cancer cell lines than to normal breast cells. Synergistic effects of its antioxidant bioactives could have contributed to the cytotoxic effects of the extract. The extract of M. indica, therefore, has potential anticancer activity against breast cancer cells. This potential is worth studying further, and could have implications on future studies and eventually management of human breast cancers

Phytochemical analysis and cytotoxic effects of mango (Mangifera indica L) kernel on breast cancer cell lines

Breast cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among women around the world. Currently, anticancer research focuses are on the discovery of alternative therapeutic compounds from natural products. Although numerous study has been done on plants to discover new drugs for the treatment of chronic diseases like cancer, the products of the mango plant species Mangifera indica L. waterlily, particularly the kernel have not adequately investigated. In this study the M. indica waterlily kernel ethanolic extract are investigated to determine its chemical components and anticancer effect. It is postulated that M. indica waterlily kernel extract has antibreast cancer activities through the antioxidant properties of its constituent compounds. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine and characterize the content of the ethanolic M.indica waterlily kernel extract and determine the antibreast cancer effect of the extract. The M. indica waterlily kernel extract was characterized by high performance liquid romatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its antioxidant potentials determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays and determination of its thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and glutathione and reactive oxygen species contents. The cytotoxicity ofthe extract on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells and normal breast MCF-10A cells was assessed by neutral red uptake, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, and lactate dehydrogenase release assays and morphological studies, using doxorubicin as the control. The effects of the extract on apoptosis-related markers (Bcl-2, Bax, p53 proteins and Caspase-3, -8 and -9) were also assessed to determine mechanism of cell death. The results showed that M. indica waterlily kernel extract has many bioactive compounds especially phenolics such as phenolic acid, flavonoides and xanthones. When chemical components of the extract was test against the breast cancer cell line, it was shown that mangiferin, rutin, chlorogenic acid and myricetin, but not p-coumaric acid or epigallo-catechin, exhibitedsignificant cytotoxic effects against the breast cancer cell only, not the normal cells. It was therefore assumed that it is the mangiferin, rutin, chlorogenic acid and myricetin content of the M. indica kernel extract that contributed towards the cytotoxicity. The extract has high antioxidant potentials, and induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but was not toxic to the normal breast cells, MCF-10A. It is suggested that the anticancer effect of the M.indica extract is via modulation of redox status through its antioxidant constituents and induction of apoptosis. These findings suggest that M. indica kernel extract, with antiproliferative properties towards cancer cells, while relatively innocuous to normal cells, is a good candidate as an alternative to or for supplementation for current chemotherapies in the treatment of breast cancers, without showing the side-effects associated with these anticancer drugs

Antibacterial activity from Malaysian mango kernel

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera and family Anacardiaceae, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant. Mango has been reported to have high antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria, aids the development of the placenta and fetus, and helps the metabolic activities of teeth, the retina and skin, while preventing anemia. In addition, it also helps to tighten the capillary vessels. However, the significant increases of mango consumption in domestic activity lead to the accumulation of waste especially its kernel. This study attempts to screen three varieties of Mango kernels; waterlily, lemak and shakran extracted using four different extraction solvent; ethanol, methanol, acetone and distilled water to examine the potential of Mango kernel as natural antibacterial against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Disc diffusion assay was employed to determine the antibacterial activity. Later, the optimization of process conditions for extraction of antibacterial activity (having widest inhibition zone) was conducted in shake flasks based on the experimental design suggested by Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) from Design Expert v.6.0.8. by manipulating reaction temperature (ºC), reaction time (hour) and agitation speed (rpm). It was found out that waterlily has the best antibacterial activity utilizing ethanol as the extraction solvent. Optimization of this sample was run and the maximum antibacterial activity (16.80 mm) was reached at 37ºC, 24 hours and 200 rpm. Identification of the active compound using GC-MS recognized phenol, 2, 4-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl) as the possible compound accountable for antibacterial activity. This finding would probably become an alternative source of new and natural antibacterial agents

Antibacterial activity of Malaysian mango kernel

Mango (Mangifera indica) is a fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera and family Anacardiaceae, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant. Mango has been reported to have high antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria, aids the development of the placenta and fetus, and helps in the metabolic activities of teeth, the retina and skin, while preventing anemia. In addition, it also helps to tighten the capillary vessels. However, the significant increase in mango consumption in domestic activity leads to the accumulation of waste, especially its kernel. This study attempts to screen three varieties of mango kernels: waterlily, lemak and shakran extracted using four different extraction solvent: ethanol, methanol, acetone and distilled water to examine the potential of mango kernel as natural antibacterial against four bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Disc diffusion assay was employed to determine the antibacterial activity. Optimization of process conditions for extraction of antibacterial activity (having widest inhibition zone) was conducted in shake flasks based on the experimental design suggested by central composite design (CCD) from Design Expert v.6.0.8. by manipulating reaction temperature (°C), reaction time (hour) and agitation speed (rpm). It was found that waterlily had the best antibacterial activity, utilizing ethanol as the extraction solvent. Optimization of this sample was run and the maximum antibacterial activity (16.80 mm) was reached at 37°C, 24 h and 200 rpm. Identification of the active compound using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) recognized phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) as the possible compound responsible for antibacterial activity. This finding would probably become an alternative source of new and natural antibacterial agents

Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in mangifera indica waterlily kernel and their free radical scavenging activity

The aim of this study was to determine phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of extract prepared from Mangifera indica waterlily kernel. Acidified methanolic extract prepared from M. indica waterlily kernel was analyzed. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin_Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Characterization of phenolic compounds was conducted using HPLCDAD and TSQ-ESIMS and Peak identities were confirmed by comparing their retention times, UV_vis absorption spectra, and mass spectra with authentic standards. The total phenolic content of M. indica waterlily kernel was 8.6 mg GAE/g DW. The seeds extract showed a strong potency of antioxidant activity as confirmed by the DPPH radical scavenging activity, and FRAP assays. Epigallocatechin (EGC), chlorogenic acid, apiginin, and epicatechin were the major compounds among the 12 phenolics that have been identified and quantified in M. indica waterlily kernel with 21.8, 13.7, 3.2 and 2.7 mg/g M. indica waterlily kernel, respectively. The 12 phenolic compounds identified in M. indica waterlily kernel using HPLCDAD and TSQ-ESI-MS had high antioxidant activity and should be considered as a prospective antioxidant

Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis induced by ethanolic mango seed extract in cultured estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer MCF-7 Cells

Breast cancer has become a global health issue requiring huge expenditures for care and treatment of patients. There is a need to discover newer cost-effective alternatives for current therapeutic regimes. Mango kernel is a waste product with potential as a source of anti-cancer phytochemicals, especially since it is non-toxic towards normal breast cell lines at concentrations for which it induces cell death in breast cancer cells. In this study, the anti-cancer effect of mango kernel extract was determined on estrogen receptor-positive human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. The MCF-7 cells were cultured and treated with 5, 10 and 50 μg/mL of mango kernel extract for 12 and 24 h. In response to treatment, there were time- and dose-dependent increases in oxidative stress markers and pro-apoptotic factors; Bcl-2-like protein 4 (BAX), p53, cytochrome c and caspases (7, 8 and 9) in the MCF-7 cells treated with the extract. At the same time, there were decreases in pro-survival markers (Bcl-2 and glutathione) as the result of the treatments. The changes induced in the MCF-7 cells by mango kernel extract treatment suggest that the extract can induce cancer cell apoptosis, likely via the activation of oxidative stress. These findings need to be evaluated further to determine whether mango kernel extract can be developed as an anti-breast cancer agent

Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis Induced by Ethanolic Mango Seed Extract in Cultured Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells

Breast cancer has become a global health issue requiring huge expenditures for care and treatment of patients. There is a need to discover newer cost-effective alternatives for current therapeutic regimes. Mango kernel is a waste product with potential as a source of anti-cancer phytochemicals, especially since it is non-toxic towards normal breast cell lines at concentrations for which it induces cell death in breast cancer cells. In this study, the anti-cancer effect of mango kernel extract was determined on estrogen receptor-positive human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. The MCF-7 cells were cultured and treated with 5, 10 and 50 μg/mL of mango kernel extract for 12 and 24 h. In response to treatment, there were time- and dose-dependent increases in oxidative stress markers and pro-apoptotic factors; Bcl-2-like protein 4 (BAX), p53, cytochrome c and caspases (7, 8 and 9) in the MCF-7 cells treated with the extract. At the same time, there were decreases in pro-survival markers (Bcl-2 and glutathione) as the result of the treatments. The changes induced in the MCF-7 cells by mango kernel extract treatment suggest that the extract can induce cancer cell apoptosis, likely via the activation of oxidative stress. These findings need to be evaluated further to determine whether mango kernel extract can be developed as an anti-breast cancer agent

Induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, MDA-MB231 cells, by ethanolic mango seed extract

In this study, the effect of mango kernel extract in the induction of apoptosis of the breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell line was examined. This is an attempt to discover alternatives to current therapeutic regimes in the treatment of breast cancers. Methods: The pro-apoptotic markers, Bax, cytochrome c, caspases-. -8 and -9, and anti-apoptotic markers, Bcl-2, p53 and glutathione were determined in MDA-MB231 cells treated for 12 and 24h with mango kernel extract. Results: The results showed that the extract produced a time- and dose-dependent increases in pro-apoptotic proteins and oxidative stress markers with a corresponding decrease in anti-apoptotic markers. Conclusions: Based on the findings, mango kernel extract modulates redox balance in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with a tendency for apoptotic cell death. The changes observed in this study may collectively underlie the basis for the cell death induced in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by mango kernel extract. Thus, mango kernel extract has potential to be developed into an antibreast cancer mixture, and hence these results are worth studying further