A Study of a-Si:H Absorption Edge Using Dunstan’s Model

تم استخدام نموذج الامتصاص البصري في أشباه الموصلات غير المتبلورة المنسوب   Dunstan لتحليل بعض بيانات للامتصاص البصري لـلسيليكون العشوائي المهدرج. يقدم هذا النموذج اضطرابًا في امتصاص حزمه-الى حزمه من خلال التوزيع الأسي الخطي لفجوة الطاقة الموضعيه، والذي يمكن أن يفسر كلا من منطقتيUrbach وTauc من حافه الامتصاص البصري. مقارنة بالنماذج الأخرى ذات الأسس المماثلة، مثل نموذجيO’LearyوGuerra، فهو أبسط في الشكل الرياضي وله معنى فيزيائي مباشر. نموذج دونستان نجح  في تفسير بيانات الامتصاص البصري ل Jackson et alو Maurer et al، تم استخراج معلمات فيزيائية مهمة خاصة فجوه الطاقه المتعلقه بأنتقالات حزمه-الى حزمه والتي هي فجوة الطاقة في حالة عدم وجود اللانتظام ، والتي يمكن تفسيرها على أنها فجوة التحركيه للماده.The optical absorption data of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon was analyzed using a Dunstan model of optical absorption in amorphous semiconductors. This model introduces disorder into the band-band absorption through a linear exponential distribution of local energy gaps, and it accounts for both the Urbach and Tauc regions of the optical absorption edge.Compared to other models of similar bases, such as the O’Leary and Guerra models, it is simpler to understand mathematically and has a physical meaning. The optical absorption data of Jackson et al and Maurer et al were successfully interpreted using Dunstan’s model. Useful physical parameters are extracted especially the band to the band energy gap , which is the energy gap in the absence of disorder, that can be interpreted as the mobility gap of the material

On the comparison of KM criteria classifications

AbstractThis study investigates the criteria for measuring knowledge management success among Malaysian organizations. Till date, no comprehensive sets of criteria were introduced by researchers. This survey, then, attempts to bridge the gap. The study population consists of 79 Malaysian organizations. This survey was conducted based on the reviewing of various literatures in the area of knowledge management. A review of the literature reveals that the criteria of measuring KM outcomes can be classified into five different classes: (1) Systematic knowledge programs; (2) Employee development; (3) Customer satisfaction; (4) Good external relationship; (5) Organizational success. In the current study, this sorting is used to shape a foundation in order to compare KM criteria classifications. Hence, this survey aims to uncover the most favoured classification within Malaysian organizations. The results of survey are then used to compare scores for five groups of criteria. According to the findings achieved from statistical analysis, Systematic knowledge programs stands first on the list of top KM criteria classifications and number two is Employee development. In addition, next ranks belong to Customer Satisfaction, Good external relationship, and Organizational success respectively. It is hoped that the results and findings of this survey will persuade businesses to perform KM initiatives properly in order to maximize the outcomes from KM programs

Effect of Ammonia Concentration and Exposure Time on the Quality of Muscle Tissues

Since different activities are involved in the trading of meat, cold storage facilities are one of the most important segments in any meat business. Chilling and freezing are greatly acknowledged as important forms of heat reduction. Meat manufacturers have utilized chilling and freezing as steadfast methods to preserve and prolong the shelf-life of meat and meat products. Ammonia is the oldest refrigerant utilized in the food industry today. Cold storage facilities using ammonia as a refrigerant are subjected to ammonia spill's from time to time depending on the level of awareness enhanced among the workers and the maintenance system advancement (Kramer et aI, 1981). The frequency of ammonia spills is difficult to assess due to the differences in the concentration of every spill and the location as well as the danger of the situation. Small leaks of ammonia are rarely reported to the Environmental Protection Agency. Yearly, 100 incidents of ammonia leaks, in food cold storage warehouses, have been estimated in The United States of America and Canada alone (Smith, 1987). Anhydrous ammonia (NH3 ) is widely known as the best refrigerant because of its advantages including excellent heat reduction properties, economical cost, and environmental safety (Arnold, 1993). Quality of meat and meat products exposed to ammonia in cold storage facilities was effected when the concentration of ammonia was very high (200,000 ppm) (Anil, 1971; Herrmann, 1965; Kassem, 1965). Contamination of meat and meat products is of great concern for both the processors and commercial cold storage warehouses. Changes in the quality of any meat exposed to ammonia have been estimated by the increases in the pH and ammoniacal nitrogen content of the meat surface as well as the acceptability of sensory evaluation scores. Increases of 1. 0 pH unit and 0.15 % of nitrogen content due to ammoniacal nitrogen after ammonia contamination in meat and meat products have been a guide for condemnation (Anon., 1981; Goodfellow et aI, 1978). Even though, several methods were established and used to evaluate changes in the quality of foods exposed to high levels of ammonia, there is a paucity of information for meat exposed to low levels of ammonia. Furthermore, the time and concentration of exposure to ammonia that may affect the quality of meat have not been well clarified. Demonstration of possible alterations in meat quality due to ammonia leakage has made it necessary to evaluate the merits of ammonia in meats and to determine the specific levels required to cause various meat items to be removed from the food distribution channel. Accessing such information will lead to better decision making whenever a spill occurs. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to determine the effect of ammonia concentration and length of exposure on some of the quality attributes of beef, pork and chicken musculature

Urban dwelling environments in rapidly growing cities : Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Thesis (M.Arch.A.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.Bibliography: p. 69.by Ghazi Sahal Al-Otaibi.M.Arch.A.S

Bearing Capacity of Shallow Footing on Compacted Filling Dune Sand Over Reinforced Gypseous Soil

Existence of these soils, sometimes with high gypsum content, caused difficult problems to the buildings and strategic projects due to dissolution and leaching of gypsum by the action of waterflow through soil mass. In this research, a new technique is adopted to investigate the performance of replacement and geosynthetic reinforcement materials to improve the gypseous soil behavior through experimential set up manufactured loaclally specially for this work. A series of tests were carried out using steel container (600*600*500) mm. A square footing (100*100) mm was placed at the center of the top surface of the bed soil. The results showed that the most effective thickness for the dune sand layer with geotextile at the interface, within the tested range, was found to be almost equal to the width of foundation. Therefore, under this depth, the soil was reinforced with geogrid and geotextile. It can be shown that (Collapse Settlement Reduction Factor) increases to (72%) when using two layers of geogrid and one layer of geotextile under depth of replacement equal to the width of footing. In addition, the results showed that the bearing capacity increases to (1.5-2.0)  time under concentric loads and (2.5-3) under eccentric loads after replacement and reinforcement of gypseous soi

Pandangan Quraish Shihab dan Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir tentang Hukum Nusyuz

Abstract: This article discusses the views of Quraish Shihab and Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir on nusyuz law. This research uses literature research methods. Research data is collected through literature collection and then analyzed by comparative techniques. The study results concluded that according to Quraish Shihab, the concept of Nusyuz is defiance and disobedience to the rights of Allah and the rights of the husband. While the concept of Nusyuz in the view of Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir is, Nusyuz is the opposite of obedience. That is, all negative actions in husband and wife relationships weaken the pair bond between husband and wife so that they become far from the conditions of sakinah, mawaddah, and rahmah. Either done by the wife to the husband or done by the husband to the wife. Keywords: Nushuz, Islamic law, husband, wife. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas pandangan Quraish Shihab dan Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir mengenai hukum nusyuz. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengumpulan bahan pustaka dan kemudian dianalisis dengan teknik perbandingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam pandangan Quraish Shihab, konsep nusyuz merujuk pada tindakan pembangkangan dan ketidakpatuhan terhadap hak-hak Allah dan hak-hak suami. Di sisi lain, dalam pandangan Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir, konsep nusyuz didefinisikan sebagai tindakan negatif dalam hubungan suami-istri yang merusak ikatan antara keduanya, sehingga menjauhkan mereka dari keadaan sakinah, mawaddah, dan rahmah. Hal ini bisa terjadi baik dari pihak istri terhadap suami maupun sebaliknya, yaitu suami terhadap istri. Kata Kunci: Nusyuz, Hukum Islam, Suami, Istri

Green internet of things using UAVs in B5G networks: A review of applications and strategies

Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) present a promising advanced technology that can enhance people life quality and smartness of cities dramatically and increase overall economic efficiency. UAVs have attained a significant interest in supporting many applications such as surveillance, agriculture, communication, transportation, pollution monitoring, disaster management, public safety, healthcare, and environmental preservation. Industry 4.0 applications are conceived of intelligent things that can automatically and collaboratively improve beyond 5G (B5G). Therefore, the Internet of Things (IoT) is required to ensure collaboration between the vast multitude of things efficiently anywhere in real-world applications that are monitored in real-time. However, many IoT devices consume a significant amount of energy when transmitting the collected data from surrounding environments. Due to a drone's capability to fly closer to IoT, UAV technology plays a vital role in greening IoT by transmitting collected data to achieve a sustainable, reliable, eco-friendly Industry 4.0. This survey presents an overview of the techniques and strategies proposed recently to achieve green IoT using UAVs infrastructure for a reliable and sustainable smart world. This survey is different from other attempts in terms of concept, focus, and discussion. Finally, various use cases, challenges, and opportunities regarding green IoT using UAVs are presented.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 847577; and a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under Grant Number 16 / RC / 3918 (Ireland's European Structural and Investment Funds Programmes and the European Regional Development Fund 2014-2020)