IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF THE PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET (HUMAN EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2/NEU) IN IRAQI PATIENTS WITH MEDULLOBLASTOMA

Objectives: With the advent of ongoing novel modalities toward the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/NEU - positive malignancies, the serious side effects of chemoradiotherapy have been minimized. Hence, this study was conducted to identify the patterns of immunohistochemical expression of the promising therapeutic target (HER2/NEU) among Iraqi patients with medulloblastoma in an attempt to provide basic histological information's that would help in future clinical researches.Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 42 formalin - fixed paraffin - embedded tissue blocks represent cases of surgically removed medulloblastomas were retrieved from the archived materials in a specialized surgical hospital at Bagdad. The histological diagnosis had been revised, and all cases were stained by the immunohistochemical technique with HER2/NEU antibody and assessed independently by three pathologists.Results: Out of 42 cases, only two which represent 4.76% showed positive results manifested by a strong membranous staining when immunohistochemically evaluated using the same scoring system established for HER2/NEU in breast cancer. 14 cases (33.3%) showed incomplete membranous and five cases (11.9%) showed only cytoplasmic reaction patterns.Conclusion: The rate of expression of HER2/NEU in medulloblastoma among Iraqi patients is very low and found only in aggressive anaplastic histological type when immunohistochemically evaluated using the same scoring system established for HER2/NEU in breast cancer. However, a good number of negative cases showed cytoplasmic and incomplete membranous staining patterns highlighting the importance of establishing medulloblastoma - specific HER2/NEU scoring criteria and testing methods to discover the unique feature of expression of this therapeutic target in medulloblastoma.Â

THE PREVALENCE AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTENDED-SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASES-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS ISOLATES RECOVERED FROM TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN

Objective:  The emergence of ESBL producing Escherichia coli in clinical isolates is posing a serious threat for treating nosocomial infections. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from clinical specimens in several teaching and general hospitals in Sana'a city, Yemen, and to compare the phenotypic methods used for the characterization of ESBL producing strains. Methods: This cross sectional observational study was conducted from 1st July to 28th of August 2017, at the Department of Medical microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology in Sana'a city, Yemen.  A total number of 3500 various clinical samples were analyzed during the study period. Escherichia coli were identified using API 20E system and ESBL detection was carried out using double-disk synergy test (DDST) and CLSI confirmatory test. Escherichia coli were isolated from 100 samples, out of which 63 (63%) were ESBL producers and 37 (37%) were non-ESBL producers. The gender distribution of ESBL producing Escherichia coli was 35/45 (77.8%) in males and 28/55 (50.9%) in females. Results: Highest frequency of ESBL producing Escherichia coli was detected in sputum (100%), wounds (83.3%) and urine (65.7%) samples. Comparison of DDST and CLSI confirmatory test showed that 65 (65%) isolates were characterized by DDST and 63 (63%) using CLSI confirmatory test. All ESBL-positive isolates were susceptible to imipenem, indicating that this agent is the best drug for treating serious infections caused by ESBL-producing E. coli.  Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study shows moderately high frequency of ESBL producing Escherichia coli among patients suffering from sepsis in tertiary hospitals in Sana'a city. DDST was found to be less efficient in ESBL detection as compared to CLSI confirmatory test.                            Peer Review History: Received 1 December 2018;   Revised 16 December; Accepted 31 December, Available online 15 January 2019 Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622,  Giza, Egypt, [email protected]  UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]

Experimental Study to Investigate the Effect of Polyacrylamide Gel to Reduce the Lost Circulation

One of the challenging issues encountered during drilling operations is the lost circulation. Numerous issues might arise because of losses, such as wasting of time and higher drilling cost. Several types of lost circulation materials have been developed and are being used to limit mud losses and avoid associated issues. Each solution has benefits and drawbacks. In this study, a core flooding test was performed to study the effectiveness of polyacrylamide (PAM) granular gel on the reduction of the circulation lost. One common type of fracture characteristic is fractures with tips, commonly known as partially open fracture (POF). However, PAM gel therapy in POFs received little attention in prior research. Models of partly open fractures were built using a cylindrical core. A series of processes are performed on a core to get a POF model. Overall, the PAM gel can decrease plug permeability, making it a useful material for lost circulation. The results indicate that the Polyacrylamide granular gel can decrease the permeability up to 193 times

TRACE METALS IN SURFACE SEAWATERS IN THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN-YEMEN

Objectives: The present work has been done considering the constant spread pollution of heavy metals in water bodies. Pollution among water bodies is a major global problem. This contaminates not only the water but also the sediment and aquatic life such as fish. The water samples were collected from the three different Cities of Yemeni coasts. Aden, Al-Hodeidah and AL-Mukalla were chosen for the sample collection. Methods: The study was carried out in the all three seasons of winter 2011, summer 2012 and winter 2013 in order to check seasonal variation of heavy metal pollution.Total 81 samples of each Water were analyzed. The four heavy metals lead, Cadmium, Mercury and arsenic which are considered highly toxic were detected in the samples in the year 2010, 2012 and 2013. The heavy metal concentrations in the samples were measured using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results:  The obtained results showed that the concentration (mg/l) of the heavy metal in seawater (Pb-0.061±0.005, Cd-0.007±0.001, Hg-0.007±0.0005 and As-0.008±0.0003) mg/l. The obtained results showed that the heavy metals concentrations were significantly higher, during the summer season for seawater samples in all stations during the study period. Because of the frequent use of water in the hot summer, results in an increase in sewage, as well as to the high rate of environmental variables in the summer. Conclusion:  By comparing the results obtained with other data obtained from the local and international studies, in addition to, comparing the results standard levels of these metals contaminated and adopted internationally and domestically and the pollution levels in Yemen is currently within the lower limits of pollution. However, the study recommends continuing the study of these pollutants and other contaminants and their impact on the environment and marine life especially invertebrates.                Peer Review History: Received 22 November 2017;   Revised 8 January; Accepted 11 January, Available online 15 January 2018 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef – 32 Tahrir St, Egypt, [email protected] Similar Articles: ANALYTICAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY ON THE POLLUTION EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME TYPES OF THE FISH IN YEME

INVESTIGATION OF TOXIC METALS POLLUTION IN WATER, SEDIMENT AND FISH AT ADEN COAST, GULF OF ADEN, YEMEN

Objectives: This study investigates concentrations of toxic metals, Lead and Cadmium in water, sediments and fish organs (muscle, liver and gill). Collected from Aden coast, gulf of Aden in Yemen. Water samples and sediment were taken from nine locations. Methods: Four fish species were collected (Lethrinus mahsena; Epinephelus  areolatus; Thunnus tonggol and  Sphyraena jello) were collected from the local commercial fishermen of Aden city during winter 2011,  Summer 2012 and winter 2013. Results:   Lead concentration in sea water is 0.045-0.055 mg/l and Lead concentration in Sediment 33.512-35.726 µg/g dry wt., Cadmium concentration in sea water 0.006-0.010 mg/l, Cadmium concentration in sediment 1.944-2.004 µg/g dry wt., lead concentration is the highest  in most fish gill samples 0.047-0.727 µg/g dry wt., where as in muscles is the lowest 0.020-0.116 µg/g dry wt., and  in liver was 0.038- 0.267 µg/g dry wt. Cadmium concentration is the highest  in most fish gill samples 0.033-0.609 µg/g dry wt., where as in muscles is the lowest 0.018- 0.073 µg/g dry wt., and  in liver was 0.028-0.209 µg/g dry wt. Conclusion:  By comparing the results obtained with other data obtained from the local and international studies, in addition to, comparing the results standard levels of these metals contaminated and adopted internationally and domestically and the pollution levels in Yemen is currently within the lower limits of pollution. Peer Review History: Received 22 November 2017;   Revised 8 January; Accepted 11 January, Available online 15 January 2018 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia,  Indonesia, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Nicola Micale, University of Messina, Italy,  [email protected] Dr. Omid Gholami, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Iran, [email protected] Similar Articles: ANALYTICAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY ON THE POLLUTION EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME TYPES OF THE FISH IN YEME

ANALYTICAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY ON THE POLLUTION EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME TYPES OF THE FISH IN YEMEN

Objectives: The fish samples were collected from the three different cities of Yemeni coasts. Aden, Al-Hodeidah and AL-Mukalla were chosen for the sample collection. Lethrinusmahsena, Thunnustonggol, Sphyraenajello and Epinephelusareolatus fish samples were considered for the study as they are more common eatable fish among the population. Methods: The study was carried out in the all three seasons of winter 2011,  summer 2012 and winter 2013  in order to check seasonal variation of heavy metal pollution.Total  Fish (108 samples of each muscles, liver and gills) were analyzed. The four heavy metals lead, Cadmium, Mercury and arsenic which are considered highly toxic were detected in the samples in the year 2010, 2012 and 2013. Results:  The mean concentration of Pb, Cd, Hg and as in muscle was 0.101±0.012, 0.046±0.010, 0.058±0.002 and 0.089±0.002µg.g-1 dry wt. respectively; whereas in liver was 0.196±0.033, 0.132±0.020, 0.102±0.007 and 0.115±0.0005µg.g-1 dry wt. respectively; whereas in gill was 0.294±0.042, 0.196±0.063, 0.016±0.0006 and 0.034±0.0005µg.g-1 dry wt. respectively. The results showed that, the heavy metals concentrations were high in stations AL-Hudaydah and AL-Mukalla and low in station of Aden. Also the heavy metals concentrations were high in Seasons summer and low in Seasons winter. Conclusion:  From the heavy metal concentrations mentioned above we can see that somewhere the concentration is crossing the limits as permissible by the World Health Organization. It suggests a high risk to the health of human being on the consumption of contaminated fish. Therefore it is recommended that the practice of trace element detection should be continued in order to update whether the heavy metal concentration is above or below the permissible limits and if it is above the limit then precautions must be taken to avoid possible consumption of contaminated eatables. Peer Review History: Received 22 November 2017;   Revised 7 January; Accepted 10 January, Available online 15 January 2018 Academic Editor:  Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Islamudin Ahmad, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia, [email protected] Dr. Kingsley C Anukam, University of Benin, Nigeria, [email protected] Similar Articles: TRACE METALS IN SURFACE SEAWATERS IN THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN-YEME

Role of Omeprazole as An Antifungal Agent

The antifungal activity of various concentrations of omeprazole (0.1mg/ml, 0.25mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 1mg/ml, 2.5mg/ml, 5mg/ml, 10mg/ml, and 20mg/ml) were studied in different pH media (5 and 7) against Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton urbrum.The laboratory results showed the inhibitory effect of omeprazole against Aspergillus niger at pH 7 and starting from concentration 10mg/ml, and against Trichophyton urbrum starting from 1mg/ml. While its antifungal activity in a medium with pH 5 was extended to reach the lower concentrations 0.25mg/ml against selected fungi. Accordingly, omeprazole is pH dependent.It seems that omeprazole changed cell membrane potential of selected fungal species which led to depolarization of cell membrane as a result of inhibition of the proton pump mechanism. This made the fungal cell not willing to uptake chemicals needed for living.Keywords: omeprazole, proton pump inhibitor, antifungal agent, Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton urbrum

Risk Factors for Early Preterm Birth at King Salman Armed Force Hospital in 2010

AIM: To investigate risk factors for early preterm birth.METHODS AND MATERIAL: A retrospective comparative study was conducted at Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the period from January to December 2010. Five hundred and ninety-five patient's files and delivery registry logbooks were reviewed, the following information was collected; demographic data, current and past obstetric histories. Then the early and late preterm births were compared for various risk factors. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 22) was used. The Chi-square and t-test were used to test the statistical significance and a P-value<0.05 considered significant.RESULTS: Prevalence of early preterm birth was found to be 2.5% in our study group. Women at risk for early preterm birth were: primigravidas (33.7% vs. 26.2% for control), P-value 0.039, OR 1.429 and 95% CI 0.982 - 2.079); multiple gestations (87.7% vs. 95.1% for control, P-value 0.002, OR 0.368 and 95% CI 0.196 - 0.688); and patients with a prior history of placental abruption (3.7% vs. 1.0% for control, P-value 0.027, OR3.928 and 95% CI 1.1360 - 13.586).CONCLUSIONS: Current study indicated that early preterm births differed from preterm as a whole; primigravida, multiple gestations and a history of placental abruption are independent risk factors for them

CT colonography: size reduction of submerged colorectal polyps due to electronic cleansing and CT-window settings.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether electronic cleansing (EC) of tagged residue and different computed tomography (CT) windows influence the size of colorectal polyps in CT colonography (CTC). METHODS: A database of 894 colonoscopy-validated CTC datasets of a low-prevalence cohort was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with polyps ≥6 mm that were entirely submerged in tagged residue. Ten radiologists independently measured the largest diameter of each polyp, two-dimensionally, before and after EC in colon, bone, and soft-tissue-windows, in randomised order. Differences in size and polyp count before and after EC were calculated for size categories ≥6 mm and ≥10 mm. Statistical testing involved 95% confidence interval, intraclass correlation and mixed-model ANOVA. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients with 48 polyps were included. Mean polyp size before EC was 9.8 mm in colon, 9.9 mm in bone and 8.2 mm in soft-tissue windows. After EC, the mean polyp size decreased significantly to 9.4 mm in colon, 9.1 mm in bone and 7.1 mm in soft-tissue windows. Compared to unsubtracted colon windows, EC, performed in colon, bone and soft-tissue windows, led to a shift of 6 (12,5%), 10 (20.8%) and 25 (52.1%) polyps ≥6 mm into the next smaller size category, thus affecting patient risk stratification. CONCLUSIONS: EC and narrow CT windows significantly reduce the size of polyps submerged in tagged residue. Polyp measurements should be performed in unsubtracted colon windows. KEY POINTS: • EC significantly reduces the size of polyps submerged in tagged residue. • Abdominal CT-window settings significantly underestimate 2D sizes of submerged polyps. • Size reduction in EC is significantly greater in narrow than wide windows. • Underestimation of polyp size due to EC may lead to inadequate treatment. • Polyp measurements should be performed in unsubtracted images using a colon window

STRATEGI PENYULUHAN 8 FORMULA MEMBANGUN BISNIS DI DESA PENGALANGAN MENGANTI

Digital Marketing adalah istilah untuk pemasaran barang atau jasa yang terukur, ditargetkan, serta interaktif yang menggunakan teknologi digital. Perkembangan teknologi yang pesat telah memudahkan dunia bisnis, termasuk dalam hal keuangan. Produk serta layanan keuangan berbasis digital seperti fintech, semakin diminati oleh masyarakat. Salah satu faktor yang mendorong pertumbuhan industri fintech adalah perkembangan UKM. UKM semakin banyak yang menggunakan layanan digital untuk memudahkan konsumen dalam bertransaksi. Perkembangan usaha kecil menengah (UKM) yang terus bertambah juga menjadi pemicu terhadap berkembangnya industri fintech di Tanah Air. Tujuan penyuluhan ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh strategi penyuluhan 8 formula membangun bisnis di Desa Pengalangan Menganti. Metode yang digunakan yaitu melalukan tahapan observasi, penyiapan materi, pembuatan pre-test serta post-test dan tahap evaluasi. Peserta dalam penyuluhan ini berjumlah 22 orang. Dari hasil pnyuluhan dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat peningkat pengetahuan warga mengenai cara membangun bisnis dengan baik