Leading to decide or deciding to lead? Understanding the relationship between teacher leadership and decision making

This article, first, examines how Egyptian teachers and senior teachers (formal leaders) define leadership and whether the length of their teaching experience has an effect on their views. Second, it explores their perspectives on the relationship between teacher leadership and decision making. The research sample is a mixed group of 20 Egyptian teachers of English language, three of them are senior teachers. The length of their teaching experience varies from 2 to 13 years. The findings show that the group defines teacher leadership in terms of characteristics of leaders; styles of leadership and what teacher leaders do both inside and outside classroom. Almost all of them see a link between leadership and decision making. In general, length of experience does not seem to have a major impact on their views. This is a key finding because it raises questions about the Ministry of Education’s (MoE) selection of teachers for leadership responsibilities, which is based on the length of their teaching experience. The implications of these findings are examined in relation to the proposal of the MoE for decentralizing education in Egypt

Proteaceae Leaf Fossils: Phylogeny, Diversity, Ecology and Austral Distributions

Foliar fossils of Proteaceae are reviewed, and useful specimens for interpreting evolution, and past and present distributions and environments are discussed. There are no definite Cretaceous occurrences. However, there is evidence of extant lineages dating from the Paleocene onwards, including tribe Persoonieae of subfamily Persoonioideae and each of the four tribes of subfamily Grevilleoideae. High diversity and abundance characterizes the Australian fossil record, including sclerophyllous and xeromorphic forms, but there is little evidence of the prominent extant subfamily Proteoideae. New Zealand had a much higher diversity of Proteaceae than at present, including Oligo-Miocene species of open vegetation. The South American leaf fossil record is not extensive. However, the fossil records of Embothrieae and Orites are consistent with the distributions of their extant relatives in South America and Australia being the result of vicariance. Overall, there is a need for more research on placing Proteaceae leaf fossils in a phylogenetic context.Raymond J. Carpente